Stainless Austenitic CrMnCN Steels of Superior Strength Part I: Alloy Design and Properties

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4956-4961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Berns ◽  
Sascha Riedner ◽  
A. Tyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Nitrogen Steels ◽  
True Fracture

The solubility of nitrogen is high in stainless austenite of steels with 18 mass% of Cr and Mn each, but low in the melt. Carbon reveals the opposite behaviour. Instead of producing high nitrogen steels by pressure metallurgy (PHNS), about 1 mass% of C+N is dissolved in the melt at ambient pressure. The new cost-effective C+N steel reaches a yield strength of 600 MPa, a true fracture strength above 2500 MPa and an elongation above 70 %. Conduction electron spin resonance revealed a high concentration of free electrons. Thus, the ductile metallic character of the C+N steel is enhanced, explaining the high product of strength and toughness.

scholarly journals Elevated glutathione accelerates oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfide

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Maede ◽  
M Kuwabara ◽  
A Sasaki ◽  
M Inaba ◽  
W Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Spin Trapping ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Heinz Body ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Body Count

Abstract It has been shown that certain dogs have erythrocytes characterized by an inherited high concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), five to seven times the normal level (high-GSH RBCs). We examined whether increased GSH in dog erythrocytes leads to increased protection against oxidative damage induced by acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and/or 4- aminophenyl disulfide (4-AD). When erythrocytes were incubated with 30 mmol/L APH, the Heinz body count was appreciably higher in normal RBCs than in high-GSH RBCs, while there was no difference in the increase of the methemoglobin (metHb) concentration in both RBCs. In contrast, both the Heinz body count and metHb production were much higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs when erythrocytes were incubated with 4-AD. Furthermore, the generation of the superoxide in erythrocytes treated with 4-AD, which was measured by spin trapping combined with electron spin resonance (ESR), was obviously higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs. These results clearly indicate that erythrocyte GSH is an important defense against oxidative damage induced by certain compounds such as APH, but that, in contrast, elevated GSH appears to accelerate oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfides, such as 4-AD, which generated a superoxide in erythrocytes via its redox reaction with GSH.

Spin Resonance Studies on free Electrons and Defects in Microcrystalline Silicon

1994 ◽  
Vol 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Malten ◽  
F. Finger ◽  
P. Hapke ◽  
T. Kulessa ◽  
C. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Amorphous Phase ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Microcrystalline Silicon ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Conduction Band Offset ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Material Points

ABSTRACTThe effect of micro-doping, defect creation, and non-steady state occupation through optical transitions on the electron spin resonance signals found in undoped and weakly doped microcrystalline silicon with a high degree of crystallinity is investigated. The experimental results are in agreement with the assignment of the resonance at g=1.9983 to conduction electrons in the crystalline grains and the resonanccs around g=2.0052 to dangling bonds in the remaining amorphous phase and at the grain boundaries. The simultaneous presence of both resonances can result from a large conduction band offset between crystalline grains and grain boundaries or the amorphous phase. The presence of conduction electron spin resonance in compensated and even p-type material points also to potential fluctuations. Free electrons in interconnected crystalline grains are in agreement with the weakly activated transport found in µc-Si:H at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Elevated glutathione accelerates oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfide

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-317
Author(s):  
Y Maede ◽  
M Kuwabara ◽  
A Sasaki ◽  
M Inaba ◽  
W Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Spin Trapping ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Heinz Body ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Body Count

It has been shown that certain dogs have erythrocytes characterized by an inherited high concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), five to seven times the normal level (high-GSH RBCs). We examined whether increased GSH in dog erythrocytes leads to increased protection against oxidative damage induced by acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and/or 4- aminophenyl disulfide (4-AD). When erythrocytes were incubated with 30 mmol/L APH, the Heinz body count was appreciably higher in normal RBCs than in high-GSH RBCs, while there was no difference in the increase of the methemoglobin (metHb) concentration in both RBCs. In contrast, both the Heinz body count and metHb production were much higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs when erythrocytes were incubated with 4-AD. Furthermore, the generation of the superoxide in erythrocytes treated with 4-AD, which was measured by spin trapping combined with electron spin resonance (ESR), was obviously higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs. These results clearly indicate that erythrocyte GSH is an important defense against oxidative damage induced by certain compounds such as APH, but that, in contrast, elevated GSH appears to accelerate oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfides, such as 4-AD, which generated a superoxide in erythrocytes via its redox reaction with GSH.

Free electrons and defects in microcrystalline silicon studied by electron spin resonance

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Finger ◽  
C. Malten ◽  
P. Hapke ◽  
R. Carius ◽  
R. Flückiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Microcrystalline Silicon ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Spin Resonance

scholarly journals Geochemistry and electron spin resonance of hydrothermal dickite (Nowa Ruda, Lower Silesia, Poland): vanadium and chromium

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavle Premović ◽  
Justyna Ciesielczuk ◽  
Grażyna Bzowska ◽  
Miloš Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Lower Silesia

Geochemistry and electron spin resonance of hydrothermal dickite (Nowa Ruda, Lower Silesia, Poland): vanadium and chromium Geochemical analyses for trace V and Cr have been done on a representative sample of a typical hydrothermal dickite/kaolinite filling vein at Nowa Ruda. The mineralogy of the sample is comparatively simple, dickite being the principal component (ca. 91 % of the total sample). Geochemical fractionation and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) indicate that most (> 90 % of total metal) of the V and Cr reside in the dickite. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) shows that most (> 70 %) of the V in the dickite structure is in the form of vanadyl (VO2+) ions. A high concentration of Cr3+ is also detected in this structure by ESR. The combination of geochemical and spectroscopic tools applied to VO2+ and Cr3+ allow one to specify the Eh (> 0.4 V, highly oxidizing) and pH (≤4.0, highly acidic) of the solution during the formation of dickite from the Nowa Ruda Basin. Substantial proportions of the V and Cr (as well as VO2+ and Cr3+) in the dickite structure were probably contained in an original hydrothermal acid water. We suggest that hot hydrothermal waters leached the surrounding varieties of gabbroids enriched in V and Cr for the dickite-forming solution. The results of this work have shown V and Cr are potentially reliable indicators for geochemical characterization of the physicochemical conditions of their formation. The bulk-rock V/Cr ratio in hydrothermal dickites and kaolinites from Nowa Ruda, Sonoma (California, USA), Cigar Lake (Saskatchewan, Canada) and Teslić (Bosnia and Hercegovina) is also briefly explored here as a potential tracer of redox state during their formation.

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