DEGREE-DAY RELATIONSHIPS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHOCOLLETIS BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

AbstractDegree-day relationships in the development of Lithocolletis blancardella (Fab.) and Apanteles ornigis Weed, its major parasite, were established from laboratory and field studies in Ontario apple orchards during 1973, 1974, and 1975. Under constant laboratory conditions, temperature thresholds for development of overwintering pupae were estimated by three methods, and found to be 6.3°, 6.7°, and 5.7°C for L. blancardella, and 10.4°, 10.4°, and 11.3°C for A. ornigis. Degree-day accumulations in the field were calculated by two methods using daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded from the pupal habitat and a Stevenson screen. Degree-days in the pupal habitat accumulated from 1 January, above 5.7°C for L. blancardella and 11.3°C for A. ornigis were more accurate than Stevenson screen degree-day accumulations for predicting first emergence; however, after emergence, seasonal development was best related to Stevenson screen degree-days accumulated from 1 April, above 6.7°C for L. blancardella and 10.4°C for A. ornigis. This study shows that degree-day relationships can be used in an apple pest management programme to optimize timing of insecticide applications against L. blancardella and preserve A. ornigis, its major natural enemy.

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USE OF STANDARD TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS AND PHENOLOGICAL PREDICTION FOR THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HÜBNER) IN ALBERTA

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1221247-11 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 122 (6) ◽

pp. 1247-1258 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Douglas H. Kelker ◽

Dennis A. Lee ◽

John R. Spence

Keyword(s):

Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽

European Corn Borer ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Sampling Effort ◽

Degree Days ◽

Corn Borer ◽

Degree Day ◽

Temperature Thresholds ◽

Southern Alberta ◽

The Standard Model

AbstractA degree-day model was developed for Alberta populations of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. Starting with overwintered fifth-instar larvae, the model calculates the temporal distribution of first- and second-instar larvae which are the stages most vulnerable to chemical suppression. Predictions from three alternative models were compared against field data from southern Alberta. Use of a standard 10°C growth threshold to calculate physiological time scales allowed predictions as accurate as those obtained using either a pooled threshold (11.4°C) calculated specifically from Alberta populations, or a model using two thresholds (12.3°C for fifth-instar larvae to adult and 10.2°C for eggs to second-instar larvae) that incorporated significant differences in growth characteristics observed among life stages. We conclude that standard thresholds are sufficient for degree-day models for northern populations of O. nubilalis. The standard model (t0 = 10°C) predicts that moth emergence will peak at ca. 145 degree-days after median pupation, and that numbers of eggs, and first- and second-instar larvae should peak at 200, 310, and 450 degree-days, respectively. Model predictions can be used to time sampling effort in support of management decisions.

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The influence of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) provenance on the development and survival of larvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300036385 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 75-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. R. Leather ◽

M. D. E. Fellowes ◽

G. R. F. Hayman ◽

J. S. Maxen

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Field Studies ◽

Larval Survival ◽

Management Programme ◽

Larval Weight ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Panolis Flammea ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽

Insect Attack

AbstractLarvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammae (Denis & Schiffermüller) were reared in sleeve cages on five different seed origins (provenances) of pole stage Pinus contorta in the field in each of four years from 1985 to 1988. Survival varied significantly between the years. In those years when survival was high, Significant differences between tree provenance were not found. However, between provenance significant differences were found in larval weight and stage of development. In the years when survival was low, the results seen in good years were reversed. significant differences attributable to provenance were found but these were not reflected in significant differences between larval weight or development. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the proportion surviving and larval weight, which was not the case in those years where larval survival was high. The results are discussed in light of the pest status of P. flammea in Britain and in view of current silvicultural policies. The use of trees resistant to insect attack as part of an integrated pest management programme is highlighted and the need to coordinate laboratory and field studies so as to control for environmental variation discussed.

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Predicting the seasonal development of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in eastern Canada

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n06-054 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 139 (3) ◽

pp. 365-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jacques Régnière ◽

Dan Lavigne ◽

Alain Dupont ◽

Nelson Carter

Keyword(s):

Picea Mariana ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Seasonal Development ◽

Data Sets ◽

Pheromone Traps ◽

Degree Days ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Degree Day

AbstractDegree-day phenology models for the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), were developed from data sets collected in infested plantations of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.), and white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, in New Brunswick and Quebec, Canada, between 1995 and 1999. The models describe the relationships between degree-day accumulation (above −1 °C, from 1 April) and cumulative adult emergence, capture in pheromone traps, the dates of appearance of first adult, egg, and larva, and the relative frequency of successive larval stages. The models predict adult emergence with a precision of ±2 days and male catch in pheromone traps with a precision of ±1.6 days. The first adult, first egg, and first larva occurred after 527 ± 42, 660 ± 52, and 725 ± 18 degree-days above –1 °C, respectively, and the dates of these events are predicted within ±1.8 days. The dates of 50% occurrence of the successive instars are predicted within 4.5 days of observed dates, and the date of peak 2nd instar is predicted within ±3.6 days.

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Determining the critical period for weed control in high-yielding cotton using common sunflower as a mimic weed

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.68 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 800-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Graham W. Charles ◽

Brian M. Sindel ◽

Annette L. Cowie ◽

Oliver G. G. Knox

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Critical Period ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Field Studies ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Degree Days ◽

Weed Density ◽

High Level ◽

The Cost ◽

Planting Season

AbstractField studies were conducted over six seasons to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding cotton, using common sunflower as a mimic weed. Common sunflower was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 plants m−2. Common sunflower was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Season-long interference resulted in no harvestable cotton at densities of five or more common sunflower plants m−2. High levels of intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred at the highest weed densities, with increases in weed biomass and reductions in crop yield not proportional to the changes in weed density. Using a 5% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC extended from 43 to 615 GDD, and 20 to 1,512 GDD for one and 50 common sunflower plants m−2, respectively. These results highlight the high level of weed control required in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of control.

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Intercropping Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) with Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum) Reduces Major Pest Population Densities without Impacting Natural Enemy Populations

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12010074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Xiao-wei Li ◽

Xin-xin Lu ◽

Zhi-jun Zhang ◽

Jun Huang ◽

Jin-ming Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Natural Enemy ◽

Sweet Pepper ◽

Population Densities ◽

Pest Population ◽

Major Pest ◽

Population Suppression

Intercropping of aromatic plants provides an environmentally benign route to reducing pest damage in agroecosystems. However, the effect of intercropping on natural enemies, another element which may be vital to the success of an integrated pest management approach, varies in different intercropping systems. Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), has been reported to be repellent to many insect species. In this study, the impact of sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping on pest population suppression was evaluated under greenhouse conditions and the effect of rosemary intercropping on natural enemy population dynamics was investigated. The results showed that intercropping rosemary with sweet pepper significantly reduced the population densities of three major pest species on sweet pepper, Frankliniella intonsa, Myzus persicae, and Bemisia tabaci, but did not affect the population densities of their natural enemies, the predatory bug, Orius sauteri, or parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Significant pest population suppression with no adverse effect on released natural enemy populations in the sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping system suggests this could be an approach for integrated pest management of greenhouse-cultivated sweet pepper. Our results highlight the potential of the integration of alternative pest control strategies to optimize sustainable pest control.

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Application of Trap Cropping as Companion Plants for the Management of Agricultural Pests: A Review

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects9040128 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 128 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shovon Chandra Sarkar ◽

Endong Wang ◽

Shengyong Wu ◽

Zhongren Lei

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Natural Enemy ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Critical Time ◽

Trap Crops ◽

Companion Plant ◽

Trap Cropping

Companion planting is a well-known strategy to manage insect pests and support a natural enemy population through vegetative diversification. Trap cropping is one such type of special companion planting strategy that is traditionally used for insect pest management through vegetative diversification used to attract insect pests away from the main crops during a critical time period by providing them an alternative preferred choice. Trap crops not only attract the insects for feeding and oviposition, but also act as a sink for any pathogen that may be a vector. Considerable research has been conducted on different trap crops as companion plant species to develop improved pest management strategies. Despite this, little consensus exists regarding optimal trap cropping systems for diverse pest management situations. An advantage of trap cropping over an artificially released natural enemy-based biological control could be an attractive remedy for natural enemies in cropping systems. Besides, many trap crop species can conserve natural enemies. This secondary effect of attracting natural enemies may be an advantage compared to the conventional means of pest control. However, this additional consideration requires a more knowledge-intensive background to designing an effective trap cropping system. We have provided information based on different trap crops as companion plant, their functions and an updated list of trap cropping applications to attract insect pests and natural enemies that should be proven as helpful in future trap cropping endeavors.

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Semiochemical-based integrated pest management of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in British Columbia’s forest industry: implemented in 1982 and still running

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2020.47 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 153 (1) ◽

pp. 79-90

Author(s):

John H. Borden ◽

Eveline Stokkink

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Management Programme ◽

Early Years ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Tolerable Level

AbstractThree species of ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte), and G. retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)) have been estimated to cause annual losses of $95–$189 million in degrade of logs and lumber on the British Columbia coast, in Canada. A consultant-run semiochemical-based integrated pest management programme was implemented in 1982 against these beetles, following fulfilment of four prerequisites: (1) presence of receptive potential clients, (2) availability of semiochemical lures, (3) invention of an operational trap, and (4) proof of concept of mass trapping technology. The programme is based on two broad strategies: maintain the problem at a tolerable level and, if necessary, reduce the problem to a tolerable level. One measure of effectiveness over 12 years of mass trapping at a dryland sort near Sooke, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, was 16.4 million beetles trapped and an estimated five to one benefit-to-cost ratio. Despite success, several factors have conspired to reduce the programme from 50 sites serviced in early years to 7 in 2018. Timber companies in British Columbia are currently showing renewed interest and are taking steps to incorporate the integrated pest management programme as a formal component of their overall operations.

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Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Perkembangan Pradewasa Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.13.3.250-255 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Novri Nelly ◽

Trimurti Habazar ◽

Rahmat Syahni ◽

Damayanti Buchori

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Temperature Effect ◽

Development Time ◽

Degree Days ◽

Degree Day ◽

Adult Parasitoid ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Temperature effect on development time of the preadult parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were studied to know development time, degree days and survival rate.Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae was exposed to E. argenteopilosus female andreared at four different temperatures i.e 160C, 200C, 250C and 300C. Data were analyzed using anova and linearregression to calculate degree day. At 200C E. argenteopilosus showed the highest degree day and survival rate(18.67 %), while at 300C nothing adult parasitoid emergenced. Degree day to development time of parasitoid attemperature 200C i.e fase egg-adult: 300.05; egg-pupae 173.35; pupae-adult 171.

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