FOOD-FINDING BY POLYPHAGOUS ARCTIID CATERPILLARS LACKING ANTENNAL AND MAXILLARY CHEMORECEPTORS

AbstractPatterns of locomotion of arctiid caterpillars, Diacrisia virginica Fabr., deprived of all external chemosensory organs were recorded in a field where there was patchy distribution of two of the most favored food plants, Plantago major L. and Taraxacum officinale Walker, on a background of grass and mixed forbs. Each track traced in the field was retraced on a digitizing tablet from its point of origin in the center of a circle of 30 cm radius to the circumference. The length of the path was a measure of tortuosity. The patterns of paths followed by normal, antennectomized, maxillectomized, and antennectomized + maxillectomized larvae were compared. No differences in meander were found. The ability of larvae of each class to locate, discriminate among, and feed upon food plants was tested in field-plot tests and cafeteria tests. Different degrees of chemosensory deprivation did not affect ability to locate and begin feeding on plants but did impair ability to discriminate among species. Execution of normal patterns of meandering by chemosensorily deprived larvae and successful encounters with food plants support the hypothesis that food-related search behavior by this species of caterpillar is neither initiated nor steered by chemical stimuli provided by food plants.

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Efecto del extracto de plantas medicinales sobre el crecimiento de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus

Revista Científica UNTRM Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería ◽

10.25127/ucni.v3i3.633 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Flor Teresa García Huamán ◽

Marleny Angeles Trauco

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Plantago Major ◽

Matricaria Chamomilla ◽

Dodonaea Viscosa ◽

Bidens Pilosa ◽

E Coli

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del extracto de plantas medicinales sobre el crecimiento de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus crecimiento de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. El diseño de estudio fue experimental, diseño factorial, de corte transversal. Se aislaron las bacterias y se obtuvieron extractos, utilizando 1 L. de etanol (QP) por cada 100g. de hoja triturada. Se almacenó a temperatura ambiente por 20 días, se filtró y evaporó a 40°C. Posteriormente se colocó 10ul a discos de papel de 6mm., luego se realizó la siembra y colocación de los discos, después de 48 horas se midió los halos de inhibición. Se encontró que los extractos no afectan el crecimiento de E. Coli pero si inhiben el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus. Se concluye que el efecto de los extractos de las plantas medicinales como: Aloysia citriodora “cedrón”, Ambrosia arborescens “marco”, Bidens pilosa “cadillo”, Dodonaea viscosa “chamana”, Matricaria chamomilla “manzanilla, Minthostachys mollis “poleo”, Psidium guajaba “guayaba”, Plantago major “llantén”, Taraxacum officinale “ diente de león” es negativa para Escherichia coli, pues no se evidenciaron halos de inhibición a diferencia de Staphylcoccus aureus donde se observó un efecto positivo, evidenciándose halos de inhibición, siendo el mayor (23.3 mm) con Aloysia citridora y el menor (9 mm) con Matricaria chamonilla.

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Valoración nutricional y emisión de gases de algunos recursos forrajeros del trópico de altura

Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas ◽

10.22267/rcia.143102.36 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Edmundo Apráez G. ◽

Arturo Gálvez C. ◽

Carlos Jojoa R.

Keyword(s):

Avena Sativa ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Plantago Major ◽

Holcus Lanatus ◽

Rumex Crispus ◽

Trifolium Pratense L ◽

Trifolium Repens L ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

Se determinó la producción de gases (metano, AGVs) en algunos forrajes herbáceos, arbóreos y arbustivos de la región lechera del municipio de Pasto, en altitudes comprendidas entre 2600 a 3200 m.s.n.m. Para ello, se tomaron veinte muestras de praderas, entre monocultivo y mezcla, y de otras plantas que utilizan como alimento del ganado, entre los que se destacan: Holcus lanatus L., Dactylis glomerata L., Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Pennisetum clandestinum, Lolium sp, Taraxacum officinale, Rumex crispus L., Phalaris sp, Plantago major L., Avena sativa L. y Smallanthus pyramidalis. Estas plantas fueron incubadas con heces bovinas frescas, los gases generados por esta fermentación se cuantificó utilizando un transductor de presión conectado a un lector digital. Las mediciones se realizaron a las 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas del proceso. La validación estadística se realizó mediante un modelo de medidas repetidas las medias fueron ajustadas y comparadas según la prueba de Tukey - Kramer. La pradera en mezcla de H. lanatus, Lolium sp., P. clandestinum, y T. repens presentó la mayor producción de gas metano con 560 ml/ Kg MS, y el ensilaje de A. sativa, la menor con 30 ml/Kg MS. La mayor degradabilidad de materia seca (DMO) se observó en A. sativa con 62,84%, y la menor en la mezcla de Lolium sp., T. repens con 29,79%. La mayor DMO se dio en la mezcla de P. clandestinum, H. lanatus y T. repens, con 91,34%, y en P. major con 82,50%. Los valores más altos de ácido propiónico se observaron en P. major, en Lolium sp., y en la mezcla de H. lanatus, Lolium sp., P. clandestinum, y T. repens con 920, 860, 860 ml/L respectivamente.

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Preliminary evaluation of the effect of Ampelomyces quisqualis on the degree of plant infestation with selected Erysiphales species proposed as potential bioindicators

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/10516-pps ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽

pp. 436-438

Author(s):

E. Sucharzewska ◽

M. Dynowska

Keyword(s):

Urban Pollution ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Plantago Major ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Ampelomyces Quisqualis ◽

Resistant Species ◽

North Eastern ◽

Caragana Arborescens ◽

Year 2000

In the year 2000 Ampelomyces quisqualis was noted, with various intensity, in north-eastern Poland on different species of Erysiphales selected as potential bioindicators of urban pollution. The results of observation of Erysiphe sordida (on Plantago major), Sphaeroteca erigerontis-canadensis (on Taraxacum officinale) and Microsphaera hypophylla (on Quercus robur) – susceptible species, and Microsphaera palczewskii (on Caragana arborescens) – a resistant species, suggest that A. quisqualis shows affinity to some hosts regardless of their individual reactions to the level and range of anthropopressure. It clearly prefers the genera: Erysiphe and Sphaerotheca. Its effect on the degree of host plant infestation with powdery mildew under natural conditions seems insignificant.

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РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СООБЩЕСТВА НАРУШЕННЫХ МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ ТАЙГИ И ПОДТАЙГИ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛЬЧЕСКОЙ ЧАСТИ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ

Bulletin of KSAU ◽

10.36718/1819-4036-2020-4-3-9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-9

Author(s):

Бекетова О.А. ◽

Комаров И.В.

Keyword(s):

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Urtica Dioica ◽

Plantago Major ◽

Artemisia Vulgaris ◽

Equisetum Arvense ◽

Anthriscus Sylvestris ◽

Elytrigia Repens ◽

Trifolium Repens L ◽

Sonchus Arvensis

В статье представлены результаты исследования сорной флоры Енисейского и Казачинского районов Красноярского края. Объектом исследования является сорный компонент флоры Красноярского края. Цель исследования: обследовать растительные сообщества рудеральных и нарушенных местообитаний, выявить наиболее распространенные виды в условиях тайги и подтайги земледельческой части Красноярского края. Маршрут прoхoдил вдoль oснoвнoй трассы Краснoярск – Енисейск (04К-044 «Енисейский тракт»), oхват примернo oт 170 до 284 км. При oбследoвании делали oстанoвки через каждые 8–10 км в зависимoсти oт наличия участкoв, занятых пoд зернoвые культуры. На местообитаниях разного типа наиболее представительными являются семейство Poaceae Bernhart. Мятликовые, семейство Asteraceae Dumort. Астровые, также больше видов семейства Fabaceae Lindl. Бобовые и семейства Brassicaceae Burnett (Cruciferae Juss.) Капустные. В посевах зерновых культур более обильно и чаще встречаются следующие виды: Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. – метлица обыкновенная, Equisetum arvense L. – хвощ полевой, Amaranthus retroflexus L. – щирица запрокинутая, Taraxacum officinale Wigg. – одуванчик лекарственный, Sonchus arvensis L. – осот полевой, Cichorium intybus L. – цикорий обыкновенный, Cannabis ruderalis Janish – конопля сорная. Для каждого растения на нарушенных местообитаниях рассчитали: встречаемость, средний балл обилия вида, интегральный индекс встречаемости и обилия. Наиболее высокий интегральный индекс выявлен для видов: Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski – пырей ползучий, Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. – бодяк щетинистый, осот розовый, Equisetum arvense L. – хвощ полевой, Artemisia vulgaris L. – полынь обыкновенная, чернобыльник, Matricaria perforate Меrat – ромашка непахучая, Anthriscus sylvestris – купырь лесной, морковник, дудка, Trifolium repens L. – клевер ползучий, Plantago major L. – подорожник большой, Festuca pratensis Huds. – овсяница луговая, Urtica dioica L. – крапива двудомная, который составляет 1,24 – 0,41. На рудеральных местообитаниях наиболее вредоносные виды: Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski – пырей ползучий, Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. – бодяк щетинистый, осот розовый, Equisetum arvense L. – хвощ полевой, Artemisia vulgaris L. – полынь обыкновенная, чернобыльник.

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A mannitol/sorbitol receptor stimulates dietary intake in Tribolium castaneum

10.1101/157347 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Tomoyuki Takada ◽

Ryoichi Sato ◽

Shingo Kikuta

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Food Preference ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Major Pest ◽

Chemical Stimuli ◽

External Signals ◽

Chemosensory Organs ◽

Coomassie Brilliant

AbstractPerception of chemical stimuli by insects aids in accepting or rejecting food. Gustatory receptors (Grs) regulating external signals in chemosensory organs have been found in many insects. Tribolium castaneum, a major pest of stored products, possesses over 200 Gr genes. An expanded repertoire of Gr genes appears to be required for diet recognition in generalist feeders; however, it remains unclear whether T. castaneum recognizes a suite of chemicals common to many products or whether it is attracted to specific chemicals, and whether its Grs are involved in its feeding behavior. It is difficult to determine the food preference of T. castaneum based on its dietary intake due to a lack of appropriate methodology. This study established a novel dietary intake estimation method using gypsum, designated the TribUTE (Tribolium Urges To Eat) assay. T. castaneum adults were fed gypsum block without added organic compounds. Sugar preference was determined by adding sweeteners and measuring the amount of gypsum in the excreta. Mannitol was the strongest attractant of T. castaneum dietary intake; in addition, TcGr20 was responsible for mannitol and sorbitol responses in Xenopus oocyte expression, but did not respond to any other non-volatile compounds tested. The EC50 values of TcGr20 for mannitol and sorbitol were 72.6 mM and 90.6 mM, respectively, suggesting that TcGr20 is a feasible receptor for the recognition of mannitol in lower concentrations. TcGr20 was expressed in the antennae, where the perception of mannitol would occur. We examined whether TcGr20 was involved in mannitol recognition using RNAi and the TribUTE assay. The amounts of excreta in TcGr20 dsRNA-injected adults decreased significantly despite the presence of mannitol, compared to that of the control adults. Taken together, our results suggest that T. castaneum adults recognized mannitol/sorbitol using TcGr20 receptors, thereby facilitating their dietary intake.AbbreviationORFopen reading frameRTreverse transcriptionRNAiRNA interferencedsRNAdouble strand RNAcRNAcapped RNAMBSmodified Barth’s salineCBBCoomassie brilliant blueGrgustatory receptor

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Random isn't real: How the patchy distribution of ecological rewards may generate “incentive hope”

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Laurel Symes ◽

Thalia Wheatley

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

Random Distribution ◽

Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽

Patchy Distribution ◽

Distribution Of Resources

AbstractAnselme & Güntürkün generate exciting new insights by integrating two disparate fields to explain why uncertain rewards produce strong motivational effects. Their conclusions are developed in a framework that assumes a random distribution of resources, uncommon in the natural environment. We argue that, by considering a realistically clumped spatiotemporal distribution of resources, their conclusions will be stronger and more complete.

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