Uji Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia Ekstrak Etanol beberapa Tumbuhan Famili Asteraceae

Tumbuhan famili Asteraceae sering digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional. Efek farmakologi tumbuhan Asteraceae dapat dikaitkan dengan berbagai senyawa fitokimia, termasuk polifenol, asam fenolik, flavonoid, asetilena dan triterpen. Flavonoid telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas tinggi untuk penghambatan terhadap xantin oksidase, dan ditemukan memiliki kemampuan untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat dalam serum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji aktivitas antihiperurisemia ekstrak etanol beberapa tumbuhan anggota famili Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Elephantopus scaber, Gynura procumbens, Ageratum conyzoides, Sonchus arvensis, Gynura divaricate) terhadap hewan uji mencit (Mus musculus). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan hewan uji mencit jantan galur Balb/c. Pada penelitian ini kadar asam urat diukur menggunakan metode POCT (Point of Care Testing) dengan alat UA Sure. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semua tumbuhan famili Asteraceae yang diuji positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Tumbuhan yang memberikan efek antihiperurisemia paling tinggi dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat yaitu ekstrak etanol Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) pada dosis 500 mg/Kg BB dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 52% ± 0,2. Sedangkan penurunan paling terkecil pada ekstrak etanol Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) pada dosis 500 mg/KgBB dengan presentase penurunan sebesar 4,80% ± 0,01. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol beberapa tumbuhan famili Asteraceae berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penurunan kadar asam urat pada mencit dan memiliki potensi sebagai obat antihiperurisemia.

Growth, secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of Sonchus arvensis L. callus under dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] treatment

Malaria is still a global health problem. Plasmodium is a single-cell protozoan parasite that causes malaria and is transmitted to humans through the female Anopheles mosquito. The previous study showed that Sonchus arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity. Several treatments are needed for callus quality improvement for antimalarial compound production. This study aimed to examine the effect of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] on growth (morpho-anatomical structure and biomass), secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of S. arvensis L. callus. In this study, leaf explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, one mg/L) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 0.5 mg/L) with dolomite (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The 21 days callus ethanolic and methanolic extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antiplasmodial test was performed on a blood culture infected with Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Rieckmann method. The results showed that dolomite significantly affected callus growth, metabolite profile, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Dolomite (150 mg/L) showed the highest biomass (0.590 ± 0.136 g fresh weight and 0.074 ± 0.008 g dry weight). GC-MS analysis detected four compounds from callus ethanolic extract. Pelargonic acid, decanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid were major compounds. One new terpenoid compound is based on TLC analysis. S. arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 value of 5.037 μg/mL. It was three times lower than leaf methanolic extract and five times lower than leaf ethanolic extract.

Plant Growth and Morphological Characters of Sonchus arvensis L. from Different Chicken Manure Rates and Harvest Intervals with Ratooning Practices

Sonchus arvensis L., commonly known as perennial sow thistle, field milk thistle, among other names, is a weedy species that has medicinal values. Belongs to the Daisy family (Asteraceae), S. arvensis has a rosette form and it can be harvested more than once. The determination of harvest interval for ratoon of S. arvensis is necessary because ratooning can save time to produce the consecutive plant biomass, but the second harvest must be conducted at the correct time as it will determine the quantity and quality of leaves. As source of herbal medicine, cultivation of S. arvensis with organic fertilizer is preferred, and determination of organic fertilizer rates is also important for ratooning. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the plant growth response and yield with different chicken manure rates and different harvest intervals. The field experiment was conducted at IPB experimental station in Cikarawang, Darmaga Bogor, Indonesia. The study used a randomized complete block design with different manure rates (0, 7, 14, 21 ton.ha-1) and various harvest intervals (6, 8, and 10 weeks after the first harvest) as treatments. The results showed that for the first harvest, the effect of chicken manure rates was linear almost on all variables. For the ratoon (second harvest), manure rate of 14 ton.ha-1 (for first harvest) added with 4 ton.ha-1 (after first harvest) was enough for leaf production. The results indicate that ratoon should be harvested at 10 weeks after the first harvest to obtain the highest yield. The interaction between manure rates and harvest interval was not significant for growth variables of the second harvest.

An Overview of the Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals, and Pharmacological Activities of Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.)

Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) is one of the herbs that the community has widely known. This plant is easy to come by and has excellent benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain information about phytochemicals and their pharmacological effects. Information search is done by literature studies in primary data or official book forms and international journals through trusted websites such as Mendeley, Scopus, ScienceDirect, NCBI, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Pubmed. The results showed tempuyung has phytochemical compounds, especially flavonoids and derivatives such as kaempferol, rutin, and quercetin. This compound is isolated from the leaves of tempuyung by various extraction methods. Pharmacologically, this plant has been reported to have antibacterial and antiviral, diuretic, kidney stones, antihistamine, antihypertensive, and antihyperuricemia. Thus, tempuyung can be used as an ingredient for traditional medicine, and further research needs to be done to isolate medicinal compounds from tempuyung.

Evaluation of the anti-gout effect of Sonchus Arvensis on monosodium urate crystal-induced gout arthritis via anti-inflammatory action - an in vivo study

Background and aims. Sonchus arvensis is an Indonesian plant with strong therapeutic effects. Various studies have shown that this plant is useful in treating kidney stone disorders, and recent studies have shown that S. arvensis extract can reduce inflammation caused by monosodium urate crystal deposition in the synovial tissue . This study was aimed to explore the extract of Sonchus arvensis, via fractionation, to optimize the specific content of S. arvensis with anti-inflammatory potential in gout arthritis. Methods. The study included 30 rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain obtained from the Eureka Research Laboratory (Palembang, Indonesia) weighing between 200 - 250 grams. After one week of acclimatization, the rats were randomly divided into six groups, each group containing five animals; normal control group, monosodium urate group (negative control), colchicine group, hexane fraction of S. arvensis group, ethyl-acetate fraction of S. arvensis group and water fraction group. Before monosodium urate administration, rats in the colchicine group, as a positive control group, were given orally for seven days with 0.28 mg/kg/day colchicine. IL-1β levels in joint synovial fluid were examined with Rat ELISA interleukin-1β. Results. S. arvensis water fraction showed the most significant reduction in inflammatory cells compared to the hexane or ethyl acetate fractions. The water fraction of S. arvensis group had an equal effect with positive control in reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the synovial tissue. Conclusion. Sonchus arvensis water fraction has anti-gout effects in monosodium urate-induced gout arthritis in rats by decreasing the inflammatory response in the synovial joint.

FTIR-based fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Sonchus arvensis leaves extracts of various extracting solvents and the correlation with its antioxidant activity

Sonchus arvensis, the local name for tempuyung, is acknowledged to have many biological activities, including the antioxidant activity. This study aimed to cluster the leaves extracts based on the extracting solvent and to determine the functional groups significantly contributing to the antioxidant activity. From the water, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% ethanol, and absolute ethanol extracts, we analyzed the total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH method), and the FTIR spectra. The 70% ethanol extract exhibits the highest total phenolics and the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were grouped based on the extracting solvent using the principal component analysis (PCA) with 95% total variance from its principal component 1 and 2. The partial least square (PLS) regression was employed for finding a functional group from the antioxidant constituents present in the sample extract. We predicted by PLS regression that the –OH and the C-O groups are attributed to the phenolics that give a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of the S. arvensis leaves.

Trans-Siberian railway’s flora and its correlation with the characteristics of natural biomes in Baikal Siberia

Проведена инвентаризация чужеродных и аборигенных видов растений вдоль Транссибирской магистрали на участке Тайшет - Улан-Удэ, длина которого составляет 1126 км (12% Транссиба). Выявлена корреляция между характеристиками биомов и основными флористическими показателями. Исследованы 13 железнодорожных станций и участки полотна железной дороги, расположенные в трех естественных биомах. На каждом участке заложены площадки размером 100 м² в трех различных экотопах: на железнодорожном полотне, на откосах и на подошве железнодорожной насыпи в начале полосы отчуждения. Всего составлено 51 геоботаническое описание. Выявлено 266 видов сосудистых растений: 36 древесных, 169 травянистых поликарпиков и 61 травянистый монокарпик. Самое высокое число видов (175) произрастают в наиболее влагообеспеченном Таежном Южносибирском Восточносаянском биоме. 30 видов встречаются во всех трех изученных биомах, более половины из них отмечены нами ранее и на европейском участке Транссибирской магистрали: Acer negundo, Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia sieversiana, A. vulgaris, Bromopsis inermis, Convolvolus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Equisetum arvense, Euphrasia stricta, Kochia scoparia, Medicago falcata, M. lupulina, Odontites vulgaris, Polygonum aviculare, Poa pratensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sonchus arvensis, Vicia cracca. Во всех биомах минимальное число видов растет непосредственно на железнодорожном полотне. При этом в обоих Таежных биомах (Восточносаянском и Сохондинском) больше всего видов обнаружено на откосах, а в Бореальном Ангарском подтаежном биоме - в полосе отчуждения. Высокое сходство набора видов (Ks > 50%) наблюдается в Бореальном Ангарском подтаежном биоме и Таежном Южносибирском Восточносаянском биоме для откосов железной дороги и для полосы отчуждения, что отражает наличие «коридора», позволяющего видам, в том числе и инвазионным, расселяться вдоль железной дороги. Значимая положительная корреляция отмечена между численностью «железнодорожных» видов и среднегодовым количеством осадков, и в меньшей степени, среднегодовой температурой биома. Всего треть из выявленных «железнодорожных» видов встречаются как в Байкальской Сибири, так и в европейской части России, и почти половину из них составляют чужеродные таксоны. Число инвазионных видов на Транссибе существенно снижается по направлению с запада (17 видов) на восток (4 вида). Флора Транссибирской магистрали в Байкальской Сибири более обособлена от природной флоры региона, чем в европейской части России, поскольку, а) отсутствует корреляция между численностью «железнодорожных» видов и общей численностью видов сосудистых растений, зарегистрированных в биоме; б) сходство флор трех сибирских биомов отмечено не только по откосам дорог, но и в полосе отчуждения. An inventory of alien and aboriginal plant species was carried out along the Trans-Siberian Railway in the Taishet-Ulan-Ude section, the length of which is 1126 km (12% of the Transsib). A correlation was revealed between the characteristics of biomes and the main floristic indicators. Thirteen railway stations and sections of the railway track located in three natural biomes were investigated. Each site has 100 m² plots in three different ecotopes: on the railway track, on the slopes, and at the foot of the railway embankment at the beginning of the right of way. A total of 51 geobotanical descriptions were compiled. 266 species of vascular plants were identified: 36 arboreal, 169 herbaceous polycarpics, and 61 herbaceous monocarpics. The highest number of species (175) grow in the most moisture-rich Taiga South Siberian East Sayan biome. 30 species are found in all three studied biomes, more than half of them were noted by us earlier and in the European section of the Trans-Siberian Railway: Acer negundo, Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia sieversiana, A. vulgaris, Bromopsis inermis, Convolvolus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Equisetrasum arvense, Euphrasia arvense , Kochia scoparia, Medicago falcata, M. lupulina, Odontites vulgaris, Polygonum aviculare, Poa pratensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sonchus arvensis, Vicia cracca. In all biomes, the minimum number of species grows directly on the railroad tracks. At the same time, in both Taiga biomes (East Sayan and Sokhondinsky), most species were found on the slopes, and in the Boreal Angarsk subtaiga biome - in the alienation zone. A high similarity of the set of species (Ks> 50%) is observed in the Boreal Angarsk subtaiga biome and the Taiga South Siberian East Sayan biome for the slopes of the railway, which reflects the presence of a “corridor” that allows species, including invasive ones, to settle along the railway. A significant positive correlation was noted between the abundance of "railroad" species and the average annual rainfall, and to a lesser extent, the average annual temperature of the biome. Only one third of the identified "railroad" species are found both in Baikal Siberia and in the European part of Russia, and almost half of them are alien taxa. The number of invasive species on the Transsib decreases significantly from the west (17 species) to the east (4 species). The flora of the Trans-Siberian Railway in Baikal Siberia is more isolated from the natural flora of the Region than in the European part of Russia, since a) there is no correlation between the number of “railroad” species and the total number of vascular plant species registered in the biome; b) the similarity of the floras of three Siberian biomes was noted not only along the slopes of the roads, but also in the exclusion zone.

First Report of the Rust Disease Caused by Puccinia crepidis-japonicae on New Host Sonchus arvensis from Pakistan.

Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) is a traditional medicinal herb. The aerial parts are a rich source of vitamins, essential amino acids, and minerals, which may help in treatment of fever, inflammation, detoxication, and blood circulation (Li et al. 2018). In October 2018, typical rust symptoms were observed on S. arvensis leaves and stems in Buner district, Malakand division, Khyber PakhtunKhwa Province, Pakistan (34.39°N; 72.61°E). Almost 40% of leaves and stems of five S. arvensis plants displayed severe rust. The specimens were examined microscopically and compared with type specimen description in published literature (Dietel 1908; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). The fungus was identified as Puccinia crepidis-japonicae based on the characteristic of spore morphology and phylogenetic study based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequence data. Uredinia were amphigenous, rounded, or somewhat elliptical, naked, small patches, equally spread, brown. Urediniospores (n=30) were globose to ellipsoid, brownish yellow and measured 22.4–24.7 × 20.2–22.1 µm. Urediniospore walls were brownish orange and finely echinulate and 1.7 to 2.1 µm thick with 2 to 3 germ pores. Telia were amphigenous, rounded or elliptic, scattered, dark brown to blackish. Teliospores (n=30) were ellipsoid, subglobose or long ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, not thickened at apex, warted, reddish brown, and measured 31.3–39 × 24.6–26.8 µm. Teliospore walls were reddish-black and about 1.5–2.5 µm thick, and the pedicles were short, hyaline, fragile, become tapered toward apex, and measured 14.4–18.7 × 4.7–9 µm. DNA was extracted from urediniospores, and the combined region of ITS and LSU (28S) were amplified using Rust2Inv (forward primer) and LR6 (Reverse primer) according to the protocol outlined by Aime (2006). A BLASTn search (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) showed that the combined ITS and LSU region shared 99% identity (792/804 bp) to the P. crepidis-japonicae accessions (KY798395 from Hawaii, USA) with 100% query cover. The resulting sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MN093335). Both morphological and molecular characteristics indicatethat this species was P. crepidis-japonicae. To test pathogenicity and fulfill the Koch's postulates, a urediniospore suspension (1 × 104 spores/ml) was sprayed on three 6-week-old plants of S. arvensis, and one as negative control, incubated at 22–24°C. Uredinia were observed on the leaves after 10 days of inoculation, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. Microscopic examination confirmed that the symptoms on plants obtained from the field and greenhouse inoculations were morphologically identical. This fungus has been observed previously on Crepis japonica in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, on Prenanthes spp. in China and on Youngia tenuifolia and Y. fusca in China (Farr and Rossman 2021). Pereira et al. (2002) suggested that P. crepidis-japonicae may play a significant role as a biocontrol agent against its weed host. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other reports of this fungus on any other hosts in Pakistan. The specimen has been vouchered in LAH Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (LAH36343). This is the first report of P. crepidis-japonicae on S. arvensis as a new host from Pakistan.

Do Weeds Hinder the Establishment of Native Plants on a Reclaimed North American Boreal Mine Site?

The majority of plant diversity in the boreal forest of northern Alberta, Canada is comprised of native understory plant species that are continuously facing competition from other species, including both undesirable native and weedy species. In oil sands mine reclamation, cover soils rich in organic matter are used to cap overburden materials. The aim of this study is to understand the role of weeds on different reclamation cover soils (forest floor-mineral mix and peat-mineral mix) and determine if they hinder the establishment of the native plant community. This study was conducted four growing seasons after site establishment in June 2019. At that time, both soil types had approximately 45% total cover, had 21 species per plot, and were composed of mainly native vegetation. Competition from non-native forbs (11% average cover, mainly Sonchus arvensis and Melilotus alba) did not seem to impact the development of the native vegetation community on either soil type given the high cover and richness of native forbs. However, native graminoids (predominantly Calamagrostis canadensis) were associated with reduced native forb cover and richness at graminoid cover greater than 17%. Overall, non-native forbs appeared to have little impact on the native forb community on either soil type while native graminoids had a negative influence. We suggest that the classification of what is considered an undesirable weedy species should be evaluated in the context of ecosystem management goals rather than simply the presence of non-native species.

An HPLC-DAD Method to Quantify Flavonoids in Sonchus arvensis and Able to Classify the Plant Parts and Their Geographical Area through Principal Component Analysis

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight flavonoids (orientin, hyperoside, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin) in Sonchus arvensis by high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). This method was utilized to differentiate S. arvensis samples based on the plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots) and the plant’s geographical origin. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column by eluting at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using a gradient with methanol and 0.2% aqueous formic acid. In the optimum conditions, the developed method’s system suitability has met the criteria of good separation. The calibration curve shows a linear relationship between the peak area and analyte concentration with a correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.9990. The ranges for the analytes’ limits of detection and quantitation were 0.006–0.015 and 0.020–0.052 µg/mL, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precision expressed in terms of RSD values were <2%, and the accuracy range based on recovery was 97–105%. The stability of all analytes within 48 h was about 2%. By combining HPLC-DAD fingerprint analysis with chemometrics, the developed method can classify S. arvensis samples based on the plant parts and geographical origin.