C. P. Alexander review

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Edward G. Kettela ◽  
Peter J. Silk
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractThe Canadian registration in 2007 of Disrupt SBW Micro-Flakes®, a pheromone-based product for control of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), paved the way for large-scale trials to test the practicality of mating disruption as a commercial pest management strategy. We review results from field and laboratory experiments on pheromone-based mating disruption of spruce budworm conducted from 1974 to 2008. Application of pheromone from the ground or the air consistently reduced the orientation of males toward pheromone sources. Mating disruption also reduced the mating success of caged or tethered females in 15 of 16 field studies where this parameter was recorded, but had only a limited effect on the mating success of feral females. No consistent difference in the density of egg masses in control and treated plots was observed, which has often been attributed to immigration of gravid females into pheromone-treated plots. Laboratory studies suggest that false-trail following is the predominant mechanism underlying mating disruption in spruce budworm. The enhanced mating success of females with increasing population density suggests that mating disruption should target low-density emergent populations during the initial phase of an outbreak. Constraints that may limit the potential of mating disruption as a management tool include (1) difficulties associated with obtaining accurate sampling estimates at low population density to forecast the onset of outbreaks, (2) potential behavioral adaptations by which females enhance their mating success when the atmosphere is treated with pheromone, and (3) long-range dispersal of females by flight.

FACTORS AFFECTING SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA) (CLEM.) MATING AND MATING DISRUPTION WITH PHEROMONE IN THE LABORATORY

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Ponder ◽  
L.R. Kipp ◽  
C. Bergh ◽  
G.C. Lonergan ◽  
W.D. Seabrook
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Pheromone Components

AbstractFactors influencing spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) mating and mating suppression in an enclosed environment in the laboratory were investigated to develop a quantitative assay suited to statistical analysis. Mating in the absence of the two major components of spruce budworm sex pheromone (control) was not affected by changes in moth population density nor by increasing the experimental duration from 20 to 44 h. The proportions mated increased with an increase in the male:female ratio to 1.5:1 and when the experimental duration was prolonged to 68 h. Using a population density, sex ratio combination of 15:10 (male:female) the proportions of mated females decreased with increasing source concentrations of the two major spruce budworm sex pheromone components (95:5 E/Z-11–14-tetradecenal). This effect was diminished with increases in the population density and with extended test duration. Mating in the presence of pheromone remained lower than controls over all durations tested.

Derivation of Pheromone-Based Larval Thresholds in Spruce Budworm Accounting for Distance to Defoliated Forest Stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Ian DeMerchant ◽  
Pierre Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
General Guideline ◽  
Number Of Males

Abstract Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the most severe defoliator of Pinaceae in Nearctic boreal forests. Three tools widely used to guide large-scale management decisions (year-to-year defoliation maps; density of overwintering second instars [L2]; number of males at pheromone traps) were integrated to derive pheromone-based thresholds corresponding to specific intergenerational transitions in larval densities (L2i → L2i+1), taking into account the novel finding that threshold estimates decline with distance to defoliated forest stands (DIST). Estimates of thresholds were highly variable between years, both numerically and in terms of interactive effects of L2i and DIST, which limit their heuristic value. In the context of early intervention strategy (L2i+1 > 6.5 individuals per branch), however, thresholds fluctuated within relatively narrow intervals across wide ranges of L2i and DIST, and values of 40–200 males per trap may thus be used as general guideline.

FORECASTING THE EFFICACY OF OPERATIONAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER APPLICATIONS AGAINST SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), USING DOSE INGESTION DATA: INITIAL MODELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Image Position

AbstractSingle aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to control infestations of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) have had varied operational success. Double applications are too expensive for general use, but might prove useful if directed to areas where the initial application was unsuccessful. This requires forecasts of the efficacy of the initial application in operational spray blocks within 4–5 days.Data were collected in 30 spray blocks in 1989 in a feasibility study to determine if such forecasts of spray efficacy could be made from the prespray budworm population density, N0, and from the proportion of the population that had ingested a lethal dose Bt within 2 days of application, M. A mathematical model forecasting the postspray budworm population density, NF, was derived from population-dynamic considerations and fitted (r2 = 0.48, p < 0.0001):The proportion of current foliage defoliated, D, depended (r = 0.81) on N0 and on whether the block was sprayed (I = 0) or not (I = 1):Only one measure of defoliation involved M in any statistically significant way. The predicted (from values of N0) proportion of defoliation prevented by Bt application, dD, was weakly (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.002) related to M:The large proportion of the variation in efficacy that remains unexplained by the models involving M limits the operational utility of this approach as it now stands for specific sites. The potential for further development of these models as decision support tools for fairly large spray blocks is discussed in terms of improving the sampling plan and including additional predictor variables.Methods are also presented that reduce bias in calculations of population reduction (Abbott 1925) and foliage protection when data are available from few control and many treatment blocks.

Evidence of DDT Resistance in Populations of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), From DDT-sprayed Areas of New Brunswick

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Randall
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Ddt Resistance

AbstractA series of laboratory toxicological experiments using various concentrations of oil formulated DDT solutions (AR-50/fuel oil (2:7 V/V)) was carried out on 5th and 6th instar spruce budworm larvae collected in the field from DDT-sprayed and untreated areas of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A.Results obtained in 1959, 1961, and 1962 with larvae collected from isolated, unsprayed areas in New Brunswick showed a consistent, straight log-dosage probit mortality curve. Larvae collected in 1962 and 1963 from infestation centres previously subjected to three, four, and five applications of non-consecutive large-scale aerial sprays of DDT showed a significant departure from the straight log-dosage probit curve previously obtained. The departure occurs as a change in the shape of the curve as well as a shift to the higher concentration range of DDT. The magnitude of change appears to be correlated with the number of sprays to which the population was exposed. Results obtained in 1962 and 1963, from untreated control and inter-spray areas, bounded by DDT-sprayed forest lands, showed a small but significant departure from the normal straight probit line of a susceptible population. These changes are indicative of a progressive development of DDT resistance in wild populations of spruce budworm.Studies on the effect of the tolerance of spruce budworm larvae within instar classes to the action of DDT showed that the early phase of instar development immediately after moulting is more susceptible to the action of DDT, whereas the latter phase of instar development immediately prior to moulting is more tolerant to topical application of DDT than the average for the instar. This effect is evident in both susceptible and resistant populations.The data interpretation assumes that a deviation from the straight line probit dosage – mortality curve is indicative of a difference in the DDT-susceptibility factor of the budworm population and that in the course of the tests, the amount of toxicant causing mortality was not proportional to the dosage.

scholarly journals Comparative Appraisal of Insecticidal Operations Against Spruce Budworm in Quebec During Two Outbreaks

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Residual Properties

Large-scale aerial applications of chemical insecticides against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (clem.)) took place in Quebec during two outbreaks, 1952-58 (Outbreak I) and 1970-75 and continuing (Outbreak II), in an effort to prevent extensive mortality of fir and spruce. During Outbreak I yearly treatment consisted of one application of DDT at 0.6 kg/ha (8 oz./ac.); during Outbreak II it consisted of two applications of organophosphates and carbamates (mostly fenitrothion) for a total of 0.3 kg/ha (4 oz./ac.). The effects of a single treatment were evident for two years in Outbreak I because of residual properties of DDT, while in Outbreak II, effects were evident only in the year of application. Reduction in budworm populations due to treatment was considerably greater during Outbreak I than during Outbreak II. Average foliage protection in the year of treatment and in the following year was 38% and 60% respectively in Outbreak I, while it was 15% and 0% in Outbreak II. Spray operations in any one treatment area were repeated after an interval of three or four years due to population build up in Outbreak I; continuously high populations necessitated yearly applications of insecticides in Outbreak II. It is suggested that the current spraying policy in Quebec should be reappraised in the light of conditions that prevail.

Biological Consequences in Streams of Aerial Spraying with Fenitrothion Against Spruce Budworm in New Brunswick

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. Hall ◽  
D.C. Eidt ◽  
P.E.K. Symons ◽  
D. Banks
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fish Biomass ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Fish Food

Abstract The effects of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion in streams in New Brunswick from operational spraying against spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), have been investigated for four years. A number of streams have been studied and several agencies have documented insecticide concentrations in streams, effects of the insecticide on benthos drift and mortality, changes in benthos standing crop, and changes in fish populations, biomass, and growth. The concentration of fenitrothion found in streams immediately following forest spraying by aircraft varies greatly and is influenced by spray regime, weather conditions, forest cover, and water depth. At application rates of 210 g/ha or two applications of 140 g/ha, fenitrothion concentrations in streams with one exception were less than 15 ppb. Concentrations in streams usually peaked within the first hour following spray application and diminished to less than 1.0 ppb within 24 to 48 hrs. Insecticide applications at 210 g/ha have resulted in measurable concentrations of fenitrothion in streams as far as 4.0 km from the area of application. Using nets, sharply increased numbers of drifting Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were measured in several streams that had peak fenitrothion concentrations up to 7 .6 ppb, following operational sprays over all or part of the drainage basins. Benthic sampling in one stream sprayed with fenitrothion in 1971, 1972, and 1973, but not in 1974, indicated a substantial decline in benthos between 1971 and 1972, and that recovery had not occurred by 1974. Kill of arthropods in another stream, containing a peak fenitrothion concentration of 6.38 ppb, was measured using drift nets. The stoneflies Leuctra spp. , Amphinemoura spp., and the mayflies, Baetis spp. were most strongly affected, although benthos sampling did not indicate a decline in numbers. Field studies in three sprayed streams suggested that early summer increases in fish biomass may be slowed by the spray program. In field and laboratory experiments, extreme doses were necessary to affect fish behaviour and survival. Evidence indicates that at worst the forest spray program in New Brunswick may sometimes reduce normal summer increases in fish biomass through a reduction in fish-food organisms. It is concluded that in streams the consequences of spruce budworm spraying with fenitrothion by the methods and rates studied in New Brunswick are environmentally tolerable.

Multiple effects of tebufenozide on the survival and performance of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Jacques Régnière
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
High Larval Mortality ◽  
And Performance

AbstractAerial application of Mimic® 2LV to rising outbreak populations of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Québec, Canada, resulted in high levels of population reduction at spray deposits of 0.5–1.2 μg tebufenozide/g of foliage. Application to potted host trees in outdoor enclosures followed by bioassays revealed multiple effects on spruce budworm survival and recruitment. Chronic (14-day) exposure of late-instars to treated foliage reduced larval survival and also pupal survival, mating success, and fecundity, depending on the product concentration applied. Treatments that produced foliar deposits of ~ 0.5–1.5 μg tebufenozide/g caused high larval mortality. Exposure to deposits of ~ 0.15–0.5 μg/g caused delayed mortality during the pupal stage and reduced the mating success of survivors, while exposure to ~ 0.07–0.15 μg/g reduced the fecundity of mated females. Sublethal exposure did not affect the progeny of survivors, either in egg hatch, survival during diapause, or survival and performance after diapause. Reduced survival during late-larval and pupal stages combined with lower recruitment as a result of reduced mating success and fecundity are likely to play a role in the suppression of Mimic®-treated spruce budworm populations in the years following treatment.

Spruce budworm outbreaks and the incidence of vagrancy in eastern North American wood-warblers

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Patten ◽  
Jutta C Burger
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
North American ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Seiurus Aurocapillus ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Wood Warblers

The Tennessee (Vermivora peregrina), Cape May (Dendroica tigrina), Bay-breasted (D. castanea), and Canada (Wilsonia canadensis) warblers and the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) appear to show positive numerical responses to outbreaks of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); the Magnolia (D. magnolia), Black-throated Green (D. virens), and Blackburnian (D. fusca) warblers may occur in lower numbers during outbreaks because of increased competition with these budworm specialists. Thus, we predicted that the number of fall vagrant Tennessee, Cape May, and Bay-breasted warblers and Ovenbirds occurring in California are highly positively associated with budworm population density, positively intercorrelated, and negatively associated with numbers of Magnolia, Black-throated Green, and Blackburnian warblers. A 23-year (1972-1994) data set of budworm population densities and vagrant warbler occurrences in California showed that (i) budworm population density was an excellent predictor (explaining about 50% of the variance) of numbers of occurrences of the Cape May, Bay-breasted, and Canada warblers; (ii) all warbler species tended to co-occur, with numbers of Cape May and Bay-breasted warblers especially highly intercorrelated; and (iii) Magnolia Warbler numbers were negatively associated with those of budworm specialists, but Black-throated Green and Blackburnian warblers showed no association.

TESTS OF MOTOR STIMULANTS FOR EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jan A. Volney ◽  
George A. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Slow Reaction ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractThe insecticide phosphamidon, both alone and mixed with other chemicals, was tested in the laboratory as a motor stimulant to female spruce budworm moths. For phosphamidon alone, the time to reaction of virgin female budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) moths was about 40 min. However, small supplements of pyrethrum or synthetic pyrethroids reduced the reaction time to about 3–8 min. The slow reaction to phosphamidon alone could account for the failure of that insecticide to kill gravid females. It is postulated that moths quickly stimulated to flight activity within the canopy would be more likely to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide before the spray cloud dissipated.

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