Development of kairomone-based lures and traps targeting Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromones

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J.R. Judd ◽  
Alan. L. Knight ◽  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Release Devices

AbstractSpilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) can be a serious pest of organic apples (Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae)) in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that S. ocellana moths are attracted by a lure combining acetic acid (AA) and benzyl nitrile (BN), identified as a caterpillar-induced apple leaf volatile, provides an opportunity to develop bisexual mass-trapping or monitoring systems. Sticky white delta traps baited with benzyl nitrile (10 mg/red rubber septum) and an acetic-acid co-lure (3 mL AA/3-mm open 8-mL vial) caught significantly more moths than either component alone. Acetic-acid co-lures were weakly attractive but benzyl-nitrile-loaded septa were not attractive. Moth catches with AA+BN lures were unaffected by the size and type of rubber septum used to release benzyl nitrile, but catches increased with increasing loads of benzyl nitrile. Male and total moth catches were maximised using membrane release devices loaded with a mixture of benzyl nitrile and a second caterpillar-induced volatile, 2-phenylethanol (PET), in combination with an acetic-acid co-lure (AA+BN-PET). Female catches with AA+BN-PET and AA+BN lures were equivalent. Placing AA+BN lures in traps baited with female sex pheromone lures reduced male catches, but female catches were unchanged. When sticky liners were replaced weekly, white delta traps baited with AA+BN lures caught more moths than similarly baited white Multipher®-I bucket traps, or transparent UnitrapsTM. Multipher-I traps with a propylene glycol killing agent (250 mL) caught more moths than those with Vapona insecticide strips. In apple orchards treated with mating disruption sex pheromones, traps baited with AA+BN caught slightly more total moths than traps baited with sex pheromone. Weekly, total male+female moth catches with either AA+BN or sex pheromone lures showed similar seasonal patterns in both untreated and pheromone-disrupted orchards, respectively. Long-lasting release devices and an organic killing agent are needed to develop certified organic mass-trapping technologies for management of S. ocellana with the AA+BN kairomone.

scholarly journals Trapping Pandemis limitata (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moths with mixtures of acetic acid, caterpillar-induced apple-leaf volatiles, and sex pheromone

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J.R. Judd ◽  
Alan L. Knight ◽  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ternary Blend ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Pandemis Limitata ◽  
Release Devices

AbstractPandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of several leaf-feeding caterpillar pests of commercial tree-fruit crops in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that European Pandemis Hübner species are attracted by lures combining acetic acid and the caterpillar-induced apple-leaf volatiles, 2-phenylethanol, and phenylacetonitrile, prompted our examination of P. limitata response to these compounds. Trapping tests in organic apple orchards revealed that neither of these individual benzenoids, nor their binary combination, was attractive. Acetic acid alone was weakly attractive, but more importantly, catches increased significantly when an acetic-acid co-lure was combined with 2-phenylethanol or phenylacetonitrile, individually and together. Catches of male and female P. limitata with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile were similar, respectively, and both sexes were caught significantly less often in traps baited with acetic acid+phenylacetonitrile. When combined with acetic-acid co-lures, traps baited with membrane dispensers releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~1 mg/day caught significantly more moths than traps baited with rubber septa lures releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~0.6 mg/day. Moth catches in traps baited with 2-phenylethanol were unaffected when the emission of acetic-acid co-lures was increased from ~28 to 63 mg/day. Catches of male P. limitata in traps baited with sex pheromone were significantly greater than catches in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or traps baited with a ternary blend of acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+sex pheromone. Catches of female P. limitata in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol were significantly reduced when it was combined with sex pheromone. Use of the ternary acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile blend provides an opportunity to develop multispecies bisexual trapping systems to improve management of sympatric tortricid pests currently causing economic losses in organic apples in British Columbia. More work on long-lasting release devices, nonsaturating traps, and organically acceptable killing agents are needed to develop organic mass-trapping systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficacy of Sex Pheromones and Food Attractants Used to Monitor and Control Synanthedon Myopaeformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1575-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Kocourek ◽  
Jitka Stará
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Food Attractants ◽  
Tree Injury ◽  
And Control

Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen, 1789) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) is a prominent pest of commercial apple orchards in Europe. the sex pheromones of S. myopaeformis and food attractants based on apple juice, beer and red wine were evaluated as tools for monitoring and control the populations of S. myopaeformis in apple orchards in the Czech Republic. For monitoring S. myopaeformis flight activity, trap designs were also evaluated, and the results indicated that wing traps were more suitable than delta traps because of their high efficacy even at low population densities of S. myopaeformis. The flight activity patterns of S. myopaeformis showed high intrapopulation variability and variability between years. The use of pheromones as a mating disruption technique led to a decrease of tree injury in comparison to untreated controls during the three years of the experiment. The reduction of the number of S. myopaeformis larvae per tree on a 14-ha plot treated subjected to the mating disruption technique reached 56 % in the third year of the experiment. In the three-year experiment using food attractants for the mass trapping of S. myopaeformis, catches of S. myopaeformis in traps using a combination of beer and apple juice (50:50) at a density of 4 traps/ha on a 4-ha plot increased more than 4-fold.

ATTRACTION OF MALE GREEN APPLE BUGS, LYGOCORIS COMMUNIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), TO CAGED FEMALES

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Boivin ◽  
R. K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Lygus Hesperus ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Pheromone Emission

In Quebec apple orchards, pheromones are used to monitor a number of pest species (Rivard et al. 1978; Paradis et al. 1979). However, few studies have looked for the presence of sex pheromones in mirids. Scales (1968) detected the presence of sex pheromone in a mirid, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), as did Strong et al. (1970) for Lygus hesperus Knight. Subsequently, the daily and annual cycles of pheromone emission in Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) (King 1973) and Helopeltis clavifer (Walker) (Smith 1977) were established.

scholarly journals Multiple Mating in the Citrophilous Mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae: Implications for Mating Disruption

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Ricciardi ◽  
Andrea Lucchi ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
David Maxwell Suckling
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Flight Tunnel ◽  
Mate Location ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Extended Duration

The citrophilous mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) is a primary pest of various crops, including grapevines. The use of insecticides against this species is difficult in most cases because its life cycle includes an extended duration of eggs, juveniles, and adults under the bark and on the roots. Pheromone-based control strategies can present new eco-friendly opportunities to manage this species, as in the case of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri (Risso). With this aim it is critical to understand behavioral aspects that may influence pheromone-based control strategies. Herein, the capability of males to fertilize multiple females was investigated, trying to understand whether this behavior could negatively impact the efficacy of mass trapping, mating disruption, or the lure and kill technique. Results showed that a P. calceolariae male can successfully mate and fertilize up to 13 females. The copulation time in subsequent mating events and the time between copulations did not change over time but the number of matings per day significantly decreased. In a further experiment, we investigated the mate location strategy of P. calceolariae males, testing the attractiveness of different loadings of sex pheromone on males in a flight tunnel. Males constantly exposed to 16 rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone showed a significant decrease in female detection at 1 and 30 μg loadings (0.18 and 0.74 visits per female for each visit per septum, respectively), whereas in the control about 9.2-fold more of the released males successfully detected the female in the center of the array of 16 septa without pheromone. Male location of females in the control (45%) was significantly higher than in the arrays with surrounding pheromone (5% and 20% at 1 and 30 μg loadings, respectively). Mating only occurred in the control arrays (45%). This study represents a useful first step to developing pheromone-based strategies for the control of citrophilous mealybugs.

Evaluating sex-pheromone- and kairomone-based lures for attracting codling moth adults in mating disruption versus conventionally managed apple orchards in Pennsylvania

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1332-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelendra K Joshi ◽  
Larry A Hull ◽  
Edwin G Rajotte ◽  
Greg Krawczyk ◽  
Eric Bohnenblust
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchards

scholarly journals Control of Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopaeformis by Mating Disruption Using Sex Pheromone Dispensers in Northern Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Kyparissoudas ◽  
Α. Tsourgianni
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Polyethylene Tube ◽  
Synthetic Sex Pheromone ◽  
Clearwing Moth ◽  
Pheromone Dispensers

In 3 successive years (1990-1992) polyethylene tube dispensers, each containing 50.5 mg synthetic sex pheromone of the apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopaeformis Borkh., were placed at a density of 680 per ha, once a year, in two adjacent commercial apple orchards each I ha in size. The degree of confusion reached almost 100% by releasing about 6 mg/ha/h, whereas the number of mated females decreased by 72.86%, compared with the untreated orchard. In 1993, after 3 years of experiments, a reduction of up to 91% of empty pupal skins per tree was attained. The encouraging results, especially when taking into account the relatively small size of the orchards, opens opportunities for the integrated control of this apple insect pest under the conditions of Northern Greece.

scholarly journals Monitoring Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Using Sex Pheromone-Baited Traps in Apple Orchards in Chile

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
Wilson Barros-Parada ◽  
Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras ◽  
Jan Bergmann ◽  
Heidy Herrera ◽  
Takeshi Kinsho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Trap Location ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Chilecomadia valdiviana (Philippi) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a native xylophagous pest in apple orchards in Chile. A series of experiments evaluated the efficacy of trap type, sex pheromone (Z7,Z10-16:Ald) dose, and trap location in the apple tree canopy on trap catch of male adults. Bucket traps (6 L), with and without roof and cross vane spacers, together with bucket traps (20 L) without roof and spacers, showed higher catches among the four types of traps evaluated. In a second experiment, the UNI-trap and Delta trap showed higher catches than Multipher, wing, and bucket traps (6 L). Male catches were not affected by height when tested at 0, 1.5, and 3 m in the canopy. A 300 µg dose of Z7,Z10-16:Ald showed higher catch than the control treatment. This dose allowed monitoring of male flight of C. valdiviana for at least five weeks in apple orchards in Chile. Based on relative trap costs, we propose the use of 6 L bucket traps for male mass trapping, while Delta traps can be used for monitoring of male flight. We found that male flight of C. valdiviana occurred mainly from mid-August to late November, reaching its maximum in mid-September.

scholarly journals Comparison of New Kairomone-Based Lures for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Italy and USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Michele Preti ◽  
Alan L. Knight ◽  
Riccardo Favaro ◽  
Esteban Basoalto ◽  
Marco Tasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Pear Ester ◽  
The Usa

Studies were conducted during the period 2019/2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of four lures for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in pome fruits in Italy and the USA. Multi-component blends of sex pheromone ((E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, PH), pear ester ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate, PE), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and pyranoid linalool oxide (6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol, LOX) were loaded in either a halobutyl elastomer septum or a PVC matrix and always used in combination with acetic acid (AA) loaded in a closed membrane co-lure. Total moth capture was significantly greater with the PVC than the septum lure loaded with PH/PE + AA in both countries. Female capture in the USA study was significantly greater for 8 weeks in traps baited with the PE/DMNT/LOX blend + AA co-lure than with other lures and adding PH to this blend in a PVC lure significantly reduced female capture. In contrast, female capture in Italy did not differ among lures and counts were similar in both apple and pear crops treated with or without mating disruption. These results suggest that the effectiveness of ‘female removal’ strategies to manage codling moth may be geographically limited and further comparisons are needed in other production regions and in walnut.

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