Cook’s Distance and the U.S. Statistical Abstracts (2012): The Uninsured and Median Household Income Across the U.S.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Cook’S Distance ◽  
Cook's Distance ◽  
The U.S

Abstract P142: The Impact of Regional Socioeconomic Status on Stroke Center Certification in the Northeastern United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chapman ◽  
Kurt Yaeger ◽  
J D Mocco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: The northeastern United States has been a national leader in stroke healthcare delivery. The current roster of designated comprehensive, primary, thrombectomy-capable and acute stroke ready centers is the result of respective state initiatives. Access to certified stroke centers (SCs) varies by county as states have widely varied certification processes and typically rely on certifying organizations (COs) to identify stroke centers. Previous research has found an association at the national level between likelihood of stroke certification and local socioeconomic status. Objective: This study describes the relationship between socioeconomic status of patient populations in the Northeast U.S. and their access to quality stroke care by comparing median household income and wealth in counties with and without certified SCs. Methods: Population and median household income for 218 counties in Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont were collected from the U.S. Census (2010), stroke epidemiological data were collected from the Center for Disease Control, and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) data (ranked within the U.S.) were collected from the Neighborhood Atlas, a project that quantifies disadvantage. Median household income has been used to quantify local population wealth and ADI to analyze community health risks. Certification data were mined from quality check databases for The Joint Commission and Det Norske Veritas, the most commonly used COs, and yielded 259 certified centers. Linear regression characterized the relationship between income and ADI with number of certified SCs, stroke incidence and stroke mortality. Results: Higher income (p<0.001) and lower ADI (p<0.001) were associated with having more certified SCs (p<0.001). Counties with a higher stroke incidence had significantly more certified SCs (p=0.01). Conclusions: Throughout the counties of the Northeastern U.S., access to quality stroke care depends on local wealth and resources. At the same time, the current analysis indicates that SC certification distribution does appear to correlate to those counties where stroke incidence is highest.

Reference values for cook's distance

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choongrak Kim ◽  
Barry E. storer
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Cook’S Distance ◽  
Cook's Distance

scholarly journals Did We Lose the War on Poverty?

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale W Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Economic Well Being

Official U.S. poverty statistics based on household income imply that the proportion of the U.S. population below the poverty level reached a minimum in 1973, giving rise to the widespread impression that the elimination of poverty is impossible. By contrast, poverty estimates based on household consumption have fallen through 1989 and imply that the war on poverty was a success. This paper recommends replacing income by consumption in official estimates of poverty in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of the impact of income support programs and economic growth on the level and distribution of economic well-being among households.

Abstract 20: Patterns of Stroke Center Certification and the Impact on Stroke Mortality in Counties of New York State

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chapman ◽  
Kurt A Yaeger ◽  
J D Mocco
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
New York State ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
York State ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: To establish a statewide stroke system in March 2019, New York State (NYS) created the Stroke Designation Program. Stroke centers (SCs) must be certified by a state-approved certifying organization (CO), which is tasked with initial designation and ongoing re-certification. Previous research has found an association at the national level between socioeconomic status and access to higher levels of acute stroke care. Objective: This study characterizes the relationship between socioeconomic status of NYS populations and stroke care level access by comparing median household income and wealth in counties with and without certified SCs. Methods: Population and median household income from the U.S. Census (2010), stroke epidemiological data from the Center for Disease Control, and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) data (ranked within NYS) from the Neighborhood Atlas, a project that quantifies disadvantage by census tract, were collected and averaged for each county. Income has been used to assess local wealth and ADI to analyze community health risks. Certification data were mined from quality check databases for The Joint Commission and Det Norske Veritas, the most commonly used COs. Student’s t-tests compared income and ADI in counties with at least one certified SC to those without. Linear regression characterized the relationship between income and ADI with number of certified SCs, stroke incidence and stroke mortality. Results: All 62 counties in NYS were investigated to yield 40 certified SCs. Counties with at least one certified SC had a significantly higher income ($68,183.63 vs. $57,155.12; p=0.03) and lower ADI (5.90 vs. 7.37; p=0.004) compared to counties with no certified SC. Higher income (p<0.001) and lower ADI (p<0.001) were also associated with more certified SCs. Counties with fewer certified SCs had significantly higher stroke mortality (p<0.001) despite having similar stroke incidence. Conclusion: Socioeconomic heterogeneity in NYS counties is correlated to differential access to certified SCs and quality stroke care, as fewer centers are found in lower-income and disadvantaged communities. Although populations with less access experience stroke at similar rates, this study finds higher death rates in these counties.

scholarly journals Do Trees in Halifax Grow on Money?: A Comparison of Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Median Household Income in North End and South End Halifax

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Marshman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Tree Canopy ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
North End

Trees in the city provide numerous ecological, health, and social benefits to urban residents. Studies from large North American cities have confirmed a spatial pattern that higher urban forest tree canopy positively correlates with higher levels of affluence. The just distribution of trees will become increasingly important for urban planners and foresters as there is a national trend towards living in cities. This research report investigates the equity of distribution of urban tree canopy cover in two neighbourhoods on the peninsula of Halifax, Nova Scotia. High spatial resolution land cover data from 2007 and 2006 Statistics Canada census data was used to create maps and tables to answer the research question. The socio-economic indicators of median household income and population density are represented based on census tract dissemination areas from the 2006 Statistics Canada long survey. Preliminary results indicate lower median household income and higher population density in the chosen study area of North End Halifax compared to higher median household income and lower population density in the chosen study area of South End Halifax. Tree canopy cover density is slightly lower in North End Halifax (5.3%) than in South End Halifax (7.6%). These preliminary results coincide with findings of other researchers that higher household income and lower population density at the neighbourhood level may result in increased urban forest canopy. However, further research and more reliant tree canopy cover data is needed to determine the accuracy of these findings. 

Abstract 19514: Race and Willingness to Participate in Cardiovascular Clinical Research

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotao Zhang ◽  
Lydia A Bazzano ◽  
Stephen G Gavin ◽  
Stephanie Gaudreau ◽  
Joseph Breault
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Consent Form ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
Large Community ◽  
Academic Center ◽  
Age And Sex

African Americans (AA) are underrepresented in clinical trials in the United States for a variety of reasons. The majority of studies examining this issue were conducted >10 years ago and since then, efforts have been implemented to improve AA enrollment in research. We took advantage of the cardiovascular research data of a large community academic center in New Orleans, Louisiana to examine whether race was associated with participation in cardiovascular research. We used a nested case control design with 80% power to detect a doubling in odds of non-participation. Individuals could be included if they were offered participation in any of the 4 largest studies conducted in 2012, were White or AA and were American citizens (n=974). Median income household income was inferred using postal codes. Cases were defined as individuals who declined to participate and did not sign a consent form. Controls were defined as individuals who agreed to participate and signed a consent form. We identified 100 cases and selected 200 controls matched on age (within 1 year) and sex using a random selection algorithm. Of the 974 eligible for analysis, mean (SD) age was 65 (14) years, median household income in thousands was 51.92 (19.9), and 65.3% were men. Of those who agreed to participate, 32.2% were AA while of those who refused, 31.0% were AA. The unadjusted Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio for non-participation by race was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.60 to 1.94) for AA individuals compared to their White age and sex matched counterparts. Using multivariable conditional logistic regression, the odds ratio for participation in a study was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.56 to 1.92) for AA as compared to their White age and sex matched counterparts, after adjustment for median household income, employment, and marital status. Our findings suggest that, at a large community academic center, race does not significantly affect willingness to participate in cardiovascular research independent of age, gender, socioeconomic and marital status.

Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Economy - A Broad Overview of U.S. Counties, 2000-2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
Madhuri Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Inertia Effects ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
County Scale ◽  
Scale Data

This article explores the relationships between diversity, its components, and their change with economic health at the scale of counties, using major economic characteristics such as change in population, labor-force participation, employment and unemployment, and median household income (overall and by race/ethnicity). Tract-scale and county-scale data from the National Historical Geographic Information System are used to compute diversity scores and its components, to visually analyze the spatial distribution patterns. Correlations & stepwise regression models suggest that diversity-2000 associates positively with greater diversity (overall and among non-whites) in 2014, but negatively with a change in diversity (overall, and non-white). While median household income associates with a positive change in diversity, those for Blacks associate negatively with change in diversity, largely supporting the inertia effects of Black presence as an ‘unattractive' factor. Unemployment associates with diversity & change/non-white-diversity, suggesting unemployment likely prevalent among whites. This has huge socio-economic and politics-based policy implications.

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