Effectiveness of fungicide seed treatments for preventing seed-to-seedling transmission of Fusarium graminearum under controlled-environment conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Fernandez ◽  
T K Turkington ◽  
W E May
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Infected Seed

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is well established in the eastern prairies, but for the most part it has been absent from western regions, especially under dryland conditions. This has been largely attributed to dry and hot conditions during some years, and the limited occurrence of F. graminearum in the western prairies. It is of importance to prevent the movement of F. graminearum, the most important FHB pathogen in North America, to areas where this pathogen is not commonly found. Three controlled-environment studies, using different Fusarium-infected common and durum wheat seed lots, were conducted to determine the effectiveness of currently registered fungicide seed treatments in improving seedling emergence and plant development, and preventing the growth of F. graminearum from infected seed to plant tissue. Fungicide treatments improved seedling emergence from the most infected seed over the untreated infected control, but most treatments did not improve emergence in the other experiments. Plant growth in the fungicide treatments was either similar to or slower than in the untreated controls. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from discoloured tissue in all treatments and was generally more common in crowns than in subcrown internodes. No fungicide treatment reduced discolouration of plant tissue or percentage isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium spp. consistently. We conclude that while currently registered seed treatments might be effective in improving seedling emergence in some infected wheat seed lots, they do not prevent the growth of F. graminearum from seeds to plant tissue. For the western prairies, the use of fungicide seed treatments as a strategy in the prevention of spread of FHB would require that they be effective primarily against F. graminearum. Performance of fungicide seed treatments against Fusarium-infected wheat seed should also be determined under typical growing conditions across the western prairies.Key words: Seed treatments, fungicides, wheat, root rot, crown rot, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium avenaceum

Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Fernandez ◽  
W.E. May ◽  
G.P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Growing Conditions

It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Possesses Virulence Factors Common to Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Seedling Rot of Soybean but Differing in Their Impact on Disease Severity

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Sella ◽  
Katia Gazzetti ◽  
Carla Castiglioni ◽  
Wilhelm Schäfer ◽  
Francesco Favaron
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Rot

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. This fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in North and South America. Several F. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to FHB in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. In this study we determined the disease severity on soybean seedlings of five single gene disrupted mutants of F. graminearum, previously characterized in wheat spike infection. Three of these mutants are impaired on a specific function as the production of deoxynivalenol (DON, Δtri5), lipase (ΔFgl1), and xylanase (Δxyl03624), while the remaining two are MAP kinase mutants (ΔFgOS-2, Δgpmk1), which are altered in signaling pathways. The mutants that were reduced in virulence (Δtri5, ΔFgl1, and ΔFgOS-2) or are avirulent (Δgpmk1) on wheat were correspondently less virulent or avirulent in soybean seedlings, as shown by the extension of lesions and seedling lengths. The Δxyl03624 mutant was as virulent as the wild type mirroring the behavior observed in wheat. However, a different ranking of symptom severity occurred in the two hosts: the ΔFgOS-2 mutant, that infects wheat spikelets similarly to Δtri5 and ΔFgl1 mutants, provided much reduced symptoms in soybean. Differently from the other mutants, we observed that the ΔFgOS-2 mutant was several fold more sensitive to the glyceollin phytoalexin suggesting that its reduced virulence may be due to its hypersensitivity to this phytoalexin. In conclusion, lipase and DON seem important for full disease symptom development in soybean seedlings, OS-2 and Gpmk1 MAP kinases are essential for virulence, and OS-2 is involved in conferring resistance to the soybean phytoalexin.

Characterization of high-level deoxynivalenol producer Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates caused head blight and crown rot diseases in Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Yörük ◽  
Berna Tunali ◽  
Bayram Kansu ◽  
Fatih Ölmez ◽  
Gülşen Uz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals Seed Transmission of Cephalosporium gramineum in Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum ◽  
Field Plots

Although isolation of Cephalosporium gramineum from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed has been reported, development of Cephalosporium stripe in plants from infected seed has not been demonstrated experimentally. Winter wheat seed was collected from three experimental field plots where Cephalosporium stripe was present, and C. gramineum was isolated from the seed following surface-disinfection and incubation on a semi-selective medium. C. gramineum was isolated from 0.10 to 0.88% of seed from 11 of 12 cultivars in a field experiment at Pullman, WA, and from 0.10 to 0.30% of seed from 3 of 4 genotypes in a field experiment at Fort Hall, ID; differences among cultivars were not significant in either experiment. C. gramineum was isolated from 0.35 and 0.55% of cv. Stephens plants with no symptoms and severe symptoms, respectively, from a uniform seeding in Pullman. Seed of the four genotypes from Fort Hall and Stephens from Pullman were grown under controlled environment in a soilless potting mix with no added inoculum and in which C. gramineum was not detected. Symptoms of Cephalosporium stripe developed in 0.08 and 0.17% of Stephens and breeding line 87-00314A plants, respectively, from Fort Hall, and from 0.18 and 0.55% of Stephens plants with no symptoms and severe symptoms, respectively. Although development of Cephalosporium stripe in plants grown from seed lots harvested from diseased plants was low, infected seed can provide an important source of inoculum for introducing the pathogen and initiating epidemics in areas where the pathogen did not occur previously.

scholarly journals Phases of Infection and Gene Expression of Fusarium graminearum During Crown Rot Disease of Wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber E. Stephens ◽  
Donald M. Gardiner ◽  
Rosemary G. White ◽  
Alan L. Munn ◽  
John M. Manners
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Published Data ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Gene Expression ◽  
Fungal Gene

Fusarium graminearum causes head blight (FHB) and crown rot (CR) diseases in wheat. Compared with FHB, CR symptom development occurs slowly, usually taking 4 to 8 weeks to become visible. To characterize CR development, we used histological and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to assess fungal colonization during a timecourse of infection. Three distinct phases of infection were identified: i) initial spore germination with formation of a superficial hyphal mat at the inoculation point, ii) colonization of the adaxial epidermis of the outer leaf sheath and mycelial growth from the inoculation point to the crown, concomitant with a drop in fungal biomass, and iii) extensive colonization of the internal crown tissue. Fungal gene expression was examined during each phase using Affymetrix GeneChips. In total, 1,839 F. graminearum genes were significantly upregulated, including some known FHB virulence genes (e.g., TRI5 and TRI14), and 2,649 genes were significantly downregulated in planta compared with axenically cultured mycelia. Global comparisons of fungal gene expression with published data for FHB showed significant similarities between early stages of FHB and CR. These results indicate that CR disease development involves distinct phases of colonization, each of which is associated with a different fungal gene expression program.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals infection strategies employed by Fusarium graminearum as a root pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ding ◽  
Donald M Gardiner ◽  
Kemal Kazan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Below Ground

AbstractThe fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum infect both heads and roots of cereal crops causing several economically important diseases such as head blight, seedling blight, crown rot and root rot. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known virulence factor, produced by F. graminearum (Fg) during disease development is also an important health concern. Although how F. graminearum infects above-ground tissues is relatively well studied, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during below-ground infection. Also unknown is the role of DON during root infection. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome of F. graminearum during root infection of the model cereal Brachypodium distachyon. We also compared our Fg transcriptome data during root infection with those reported during wheat head infection. These analyses suggested that both shared and unique infection strategies employed by the pathogen during colonization of different host tissues. Several metabolite biosynthesis genes induced in F. graminearum during root infection could be linked to phytohormone production, implying that the pathogen likely interferes root specific defenses. In addition, to understand the role of DON in Fg root infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the DON deficient Tri5 mutant. These analyses showed that the absence of DON had a significant effect on fungal transcriptional responses. Although DON was produced in infected roots, this mycotoxin did not act as a virulence factor during root infection. Our results reveal new mechanistic insights into the below-ground strategies employed by F. graminearum that may benefit the development of new genetic tools to combat this important cereal pathogen.

scholarly journals The application of zinc fertilizer reduces Fusarium infection and development in wheat

2020 ◽  
pp. 1088-1094
Author(s):  
Muhammed Alsamir ◽  
Esraa Al Samir ◽  
T A Kareem ◽  
Mohammed Abass ◽  
Richard Trethowan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Zinc Fertilizer

Fusarium pseudograminearum and Fusarium graminearum commonly cause crown rot (FCR) and head blight (FHB) in wheat, respectively. Disease infection and spread can be reduced by the deployment of resistant cultivars or through management practices that limit inoculum load. Plants deficient in micronutrients, including zinc, tend to be more susceptible to many diseases. On the other hands, and zinc deficiency in cereals is widespread in Australian soils. Zinc deficiency may have particular relevance to crown rot, the most important and damaging Fusarium disease of wheat and barley in Australia. Four wheat genotypes; Batavia, Sunco and two lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) were tested for response to FHB and FCR under differing levels of Zn,1 and 2 g/kg and its correlation with disease severity. Sunco and CIMMYT line 146 were previously rated resistant to crown rot and Zn efficient. Zn application 2 g/kg soil enhanced resistance to FCR of the disease susceptible and Zn in-efficient in Batavia and 48 as its recorded 0.75 and 0.5 respectively compared to Sunco and CIMMYT line 146 as it recorded 0.2 and 0.3 respectively, but did not increase resistance to FHB. However, Zn application did enhance the resistance of Zn efficient genotypes to FHB. Results suggest that higher levels of Zn fertilization could reduce the expression of Fusarium diseases in wheat.

Effect of rotation with barley and oats on crown rot of wheat in the northern wheat belt of New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
KE Nelson ◽  
LW Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
New South ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum Group 1 ◽  
Group 1

We investigated the incidence of Fusarium graminearum Group 1 (infection, stem colonisation) and crown rot in 3-year crop sequences of 1 or 2 years of barley, oats, or mown oats followed by wheat, compared with 3 years of wheat. Seed was sown into the stubble of the previous crop. Stubble production was estimated for each cereal treatment. Plants of each cereal were infected by the crown rot pathogen. Oats were susceptible to infection but did not express symptoms of crown rot in 2 years of the trial. Oats can, therefore, be considered a symptomless host that may contribute to the maintenance of inoculum. The overall mean incidence of infected plants increased from 12% in 1987 to 81% in 1989. The various treatments did not significantly reduce the incidence of infected wheat plants in November of the final year. The incidence of crown rot of wheat in 1989 was greatest after 2 prior wheat crops and lowest after 1 or 2 years of mown oats. The 3 species produced a similar amount of straw by weight; however, mown oats produced significantly less. Oat straw decomposed more rapidly than that of other cereals in controlled conditions.

Pathogenic specialization in Fusarium graminearum

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Purss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Specialized Form

Isolates of Fusarium graminearum from crown rot of wheat, stalk rot of maize (both in Australia and in the United States), and head blight of wheat are all shown to be capable of causing head blight of wheat to a significant level. Stalk rot of maize is shown to be caused by isolates of F. graminearum from stalk rot of maize, crown rot of wheat, and head blight of wheat. Isolates of F. culmorum from foot rot of wheat and barley are also capable of causing stalk rot of maize. Typical crown rot of wheat is shown to be caused to a significant extent only by the isolates from this disease syndrome. The conclusion is drawn that a specialized form of F. graminearurn is responsible for crown rot in wheat.

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