On Modules Whose Proper Homomorphic Images Are of Smaller Cardinality

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Oman ◽  
Adam Salminen
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Quotient Field ◽  
Generating Set ◽  
Large Cardinality ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Open Question

AbstractLet R be a commutative ring with identity, and let M be a unitary module over R. We call M H-smaller (HS for short) if and only if M is infinite and |M/N| < |M| for every nonzero submodule N of M. After a brief introduction, we show that there exist nontrivial examples of HS modules of arbitrarily large cardinality over Noetherian and non-Noetherian domains. We then prove the following result: suppose M is faithful over R, R is a domain (we will show that we can restrict to this case without loss of generality), and K is the quotient field of R. If M is HS over R, then R is HS as a module over itself, R ⊆ M ⊆ K, and there exists a generating set S for M over R with |S| < |R|. We use this result to generalize a problem posed by Kaplansky and conclude the paper by answering an open question on Jónsson modules.

On Operators and Distributions

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimond A. Struble
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Operational Calculus ◽  
Delta Function ◽  
Generalized Functions ◽  
Dirac Delta Function ◽  
Quotient Field ◽  
Dirac Delta ◽  
The Family ◽  
Continuous Complex ◽  
Complex Valued

Mikusinski [1] has extended the operational calculus by methods which are essentially algebraic. He considers the family C of continuous complex valued functions on the half-line [0,∞). Under addition and convolution C becomes a commutative ring. Titchmarsh's theorem [2] shows that the ring has no divisors of zero and, hence, that it may be imbedded in its quotient field Q whose elements are then called operators. Included in the field are the integral, differential and translational operators of analysis as well as certain generalized functions, such as the Dirac delta function. An alternate approach [3] yields a rather interesting result which we shall now describe briefly.

The Intersection Property of Annihilators of Both Modules and Maximal Submodules Belonging to the Same Module

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 552-555
Author(s):  
Hatam Yahya Khalaf ◽  
Buthyna Nijad Shihab
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Intersection Property ◽  
Direct Sum ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Maximal Submodule ◽  
The Relationship

During that article T stands for a commutative ring with identity and that S stands for a unitary module over T. The intersection property of annihilatoers of a module X on a ring T and a maximal submodule W of M has been reviewed under this article where he provide several examples that explain that the property. Add to this a number of equivalent statements about the intersection property have been demonstrated as well as the direct sum of module that realize that the characteristic has studied here we proved that the modules that achieve the intersection property are closed under the direct sum with a specific condition. In addition to all this, the relationship between the modules that achieve the above characteristics with other types of modules has been given.

scholarly journals A Remark on Coherent Overrings

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira J. Papick
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Integral Domain ◽  
General Theorem ◽  
Krull Dimension ◽  
Prime Ideals ◽  
Finitely Generated ◽  
Quotient Field ◽  
Valuation Rings ◽  
Finitely Presented

Throughout this note, let R be a (commutative integral) domain with quotient field K. A domain S satisfying R ⊆ S ⊆ K is called an overring of R, and by dimension of a ring we mean Krull dimension. Recall [1] that a commutative ring is said to be coherent if each finitely generated ideal is finitely presented.In [2], as a corollary of a more general theorem, Davis showed that if each overring of a domain R is Noetherian, then the dimension of R is at most 1. (This corollary is the converse of a version of the Krull-Akizuki Theorem [5, Theorem 93], and can also be proved directly by using the existence of valuation rings dominating finite chains of prime ideals [4, Corollary 16.6].) It is our purpose to prove that if R is Noetherian and each overring of R is coherent, then the dimension of £ is at most 1. We shall also indicate some related questions and examples.

The annihilators comaximal graph

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rajaee
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Undirected Graph ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Comaximal Graph

In this paper, we introduce and study a new kind of graph related to a unitary module [Formula: see text] on a commutative ring [Formula: see text] with identity, namely the annihilators comaximal graph of submodules of [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text]. The (undirected) graph [Formula: see text] is with vertices of all non-trivial submodules of [Formula: see text] and two vertices [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] are adjacent if and only if their annihilators are comaximal ideals of [Formula: see text], i.e. [Formula: see text]. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the interplay between the graph-theoretic properties of [Formula: see text] and the module-theoretic properties of [Formula: see text]. We study the annihilators comaximal graph [Formula: see text] in terms of the powers of the decomposition of [Formula: see text] to product distinct prime numbers in some special cases.

On Integral Closure

1954 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Butts ◽  
Marshall Hall ◽  
H. B. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Integral Domain ◽  
Monic Polynomial ◽  
Unit Element ◽  
Integral Closure ◽  
Quotient Field ◽  
Integrally Closed

Let J be an integral domain (i.e., a commutative ring without divisors of zero) with unit element, F its quotient field and J[x] the integral domain of polynomials with coefficients from J . The domain J is called integrally closed if every root of a monic polynomial over J which is in F also is in J.

scholarly journals Approximaitly Quasi-Prime Submodules and Some Related Concepts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Haibat K. Mohammadali ◽  
Ali Sh. Ajeel
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Prime Submodules ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Prime Submodule ◽  
Properties Characterization

“Let  be a commutative ring with identity and  is a left unitary -module. A proper submodule  of  is called a quasi-prime submodule, if whenever , where ,  implies that either  or ”. As a generalization of a quasi-prime submodules, in this paper we introduce the concept of approximaitly quasi-prime submodules, where a proper submodule  of  is an approximaitly quasi-prime submodule, if whenever , where ,  implies that either  or , where  is the intersection of all essential submodules of . Many basic properties, characterization and examples of this concept are given. Furthermore, we study the behavior of approximaitly quasi-prime submodules under -homomorphisms. Finally, we introduced characterizations of approximaitly quasi-prime submodule in class of multiplication modules.

scholarly journals On Small Primary Modules

2021 ◽  
pp. 1307-1313
Author(s):  
Adwia Jassim Abdul-AlKalik
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Small Primary

Let  be a commutative ring with an identity and be a unitary -module. We say that a non-zero submodule  of  is  primary if for each with en either or  and an -module  is a small primary if   =  for each proper submodule  small in. We provided and demonstrated some of the characterizations and features of these types of submodules (modules).  

scholarly journals I-Nearly Prime Submodules

2019 ◽  
pp. 2468-2472
Author(s):  
Adwia J. Abdul-AlKalik ◽  
Nuhad S. Al-Mothafar
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Prime Submodules ◽  
Unitary Module ◽  
Fixed Ideal

     Let  be a commutative ring with identity, and a fixed ideal of  and  be an unitary -module. In this paper we  introduce and study the concept of -nearly prime submodules as genrealizations of nearly prime and we investigate some properties of this class of submodules. Also, some characterizations of -nearly prime submodules will be given.

Mars: was There an Ancient Eden?

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Answer ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Habitable Zones ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Early Mars ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Rocky Planets ◽  
Impact Erosion

AbstractThe clear evidence of water erosion on the surface of Mars suggests an early climate much more clement than the present one. Using a model for the origin of inner planet atmospheres by icy planetesimal impact, it is possible to reconstruct the original volatile inventory on Mars, starting from the thin atmosphere we observe today. Evidence for cometary impact can be found in the present abundances and isotope ratios of gases in the atmosphere and in SNC meteorites. If we invoke impact erosion to account for the present excess of129Xe, we predict an early inventory equivalent to at least 7.5 bars of CO2. This reservoir of volatiles is adequate to produce a substantial greenhouse effect, provided there is some small addition of SO2(volcanoes) or reduced gases (cometary impact). Thus it seems likely that conditions on early Mars were suitable for the origin of life – biogenic elements and liquid water were present at favorable conditions of pressure and temperature. Whether life began on Mars remains an open question, receiving hints of a positive answer from recent work on one of the Martian meteorites. The implications for habitable zones around other stars include the need to have rocky planets with sufficient mass to preserve atmospheres in the face of intensive early bombardment.

On the Semantic Content of Grammatical Gender and Its Impact on the Representation of Human Referents

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Irmen ◽  
Julia Kurovskaja
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
Masculine Role ◽  
Feminine Role ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Open Question

Grammatical gender has been shown to provide natural gender information about human referents. However, due to formal and conceptual differences between masculine and feminine forms, it remains an open question whether these gender categories influence the processing of person information to the same degree. Experiment 1 compared the semantic content of masculine and feminine grammatical gender by combining masculine and feminine role names with either gender congruent or incongruent referents (e.g., Dieser Lehrer [masc.]/Diese Lehrerin [fem.] ist mein Mann/meine Frau; This teacher is my husband/my wife). Participants rated sentences in terms of correctness and customariness. In Experiment 2, in addition to ratings reading times were recorded to assess processing more directly. Both experiments were run in German. Sentences with grammatically feminine role names and gender incongruent referents were rated as less correct and less customary than those with masculine forms and incongruent referents. Combining a masculine role name with an incongruent referent slowed down reading to a greater extent than combining a feminine role name with an incongruent referent. Results thus specify the differential effects of masculine and feminine grammatical gender in denoting human referents.

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