scholarly journals Role of pregnane X-receptor in regulating bacterial translocation in chronic liver diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (32) ◽  
pp. 1210-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundhar Mohandas ◽  
Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Pregnane X Receptor ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Role of scavenger receptors in the pathophysiology of chronic liver diseases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Armengol ◽  
Ramon Bartoli ◽  
Lucia Sanjurjo ◽  
Isabel Serra ◽  
Nuria Amezaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Scavenger Receptors ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Liver Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Devaraj Ezhilarasan ◽  
Shanmugam Rajeshkumar ◽  
Thangavelu Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Roles and Cytoprotection in Chronic Liver Injury

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Degli Esposti ◽  
Jocelyne Hamelin ◽  
Nelly Bosselut ◽  
Raphaël Saffroy ◽  
Mylène Sebagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver Injury ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Apoptosis And Necrosis

The liver is one of the richest organs in terms of number and density of mitochondria. Most chronic liver diseases are associated with the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Hepatic mitochondria have unique features compared to other organs' mitochondria, since they are the hub that integrates hepatic metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Mitochondria are also essential in hepatocyte survival as mediator of apoptosis and necrosis. Hepatocytes have developed different mechanisms to keep mitochondrial integrity or to prevent the effects of mitochondrial lesions, in particular regulating organelle biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we will focus on the role of mitochondria in liver physiology, such as hepatic metabolism, reactive oxygen species homeostasis and cell survival. We will also focus on chronic liver pathologies, especially those linked to alcohol, virus, drugs or metabolic syndrome and we will discuss how mitochondria could provide a promising therapeutic target in these contexts.

scholarly journals The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Katia Sayaf ◽  
Ilaria Zanotto ◽  
Francesco Paolo Russo ◽  
Daniela Gabbia ◽  
Sara De Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Constitutive Androstane Receptor ◽  
Pregnane X Receptor ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Cytochrome P450 3A4 ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
And Function

Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor known for modulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), such as cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, is functionally involved in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies. Furthermore, PXR activity relates to that of other NRs, such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), through a crosstalk that in turn orchestrates a complex network of responses. Thus, besides regulating DMETs, PXR signaling is involved in both liver damage progression and repair and in the neoplastic transition to hepatocellular carcinoma. We here summarize the present knowledge about PXR expression and function in chronic liver diseases characterized by different etiologies and clinical outcome, focusing on the molecular pathways involved in PXR activity. Although many molecular details of these finely tuned networks still need to be fully understood, we conclude that PXR and its modulation could represent a promising pharmacological target for the identification of novel therapeutical approaches to chronic liver diseases.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Chronic Liver Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishakha Singh ◽  
Amit Khurana ◽  
Prince Allawadhi ◽  
Anil Kumar Banothu ◽  
Kala Kumar Bharani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand (L)1, the immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of various diseases including chronic liver diseases (CLDs) such as hepatitis, liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of PD-1/PD-L1 has been widely inspected in the treatment of viral hepatitis and HCC. PD-1 is known to play a crucial role in inhibiting immunological responses and stimulates self-tolerance by regulating the T-cell activity. Further, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells while preventing apoptosis of Treg cells. PD-L1 is a trans-membrane protein which is recognized as a co-inhibitory factor of immunological responses. Both, PD-1 and PD-L1 function together to downregulate the proliferation of PD-1 positive cells, suppress the expression of cytokines and stimulate apoptosis. Owing to the importance of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, this review aims to summarize the potential of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in CLDs along with toxicities associated with them. We have enlisted some of the important roles of PD-1/PD-L1 in CLDs, the clinically approved products and the pipelines of drugs under clinical evaluation.

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