Relationship of Physico-Chemical Properties of Active Material to Capacity for Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries were widely used in many industries as important power supply devices for military and civil industries, transport and shipment devices owing to its advantages of low cost,high performance and safety. According to statistics, most lead-acid batteries can reach 1-2 years life under operating conditions, generating millions of used lead-acid batteries each year in China, which caused economic and environmental losses if not properly treated. The changes of physico-chemical properties in the process of operation of lead-acid battery were summarized in this paper. The corrosion and deformation of grids, water loss in electrolyte, aging of separators, corrosion of plates and irreversible sulfation were the main physico-chemical properties changes resulting in battery failure. In the homogeneous acidic medium, the grid of the lead-acid battery corroded away, one side was dotted distribution, and the other side was interlaced net shape. The corrosion of grids and incomplete reaction may lead to the water loss in electrolyte. What’s more, there existed a series of chemical reactions that reducing the battery capacity and leading to the failure of batteries, such as the aging and elastic collision of separators and irreversible sulfation. By analyzing the physico-chemical properties changes in the process of operation, the study supplied the direction for the specification of operating conditions and the extending of service life of lead-acid battery. The basic theories were provided for the repair, regeneration and recovery of lead-acid batteries.

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Theoretical Exploration of 2,2’-Bipyridines as Electro-Active Compounds in Flow Batteries

10.26434/chemrxiv.7995935.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mariano Sánchez-Castellanos ◽

Martha M. Flores-Leonar ◽

Zaahel Mata-Pinzón ◽

Humberto G. Laguna ◽

Karl García-Ruiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Redox Potential ◽

Active Material ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Small Subset ◽

Solubility In Water ◽

Protonation Reaction ◽

Redox Active ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Pka Value ◽

Flow Batteries

Compounds from the 2,2’-bipyridine molecular family were investigated for use as redox-active materials in organic flow batteries. For 156 2,2’-bipyridine derivatives reported in the academic literature, we calculated the redox potential, the pKa for the first protonation reaction, and the solubility in aqueous solutions. Using experimental data on a small subset of derivatives, we were able to calibrate our calculations. We find that functionalization with electron-withdrawing groups leads to an increase of the redox potential and to an increase of the molecular acidity (as expressed in a reduction of the pKa value for the first protonation step). Furthermore, calculations of solubility in water indicate that some of the studied derivatives have adequate solubility for flow battery applications. Based on an analysis of the physico-chemical properties of the 156 studied compounds, we down-select five molecules with carbonyl- and nitro-based functional groups, whose parameters are especially promising for potential application as negative redox-active material inorganic flow batteries.

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Theoretical Exploration of 2,2’-Bipyridines as Electro-Active Compounds in Flow Batteries

10.26434/chemrxiv.7995935 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mariano Sánchez-Castellanos ◽

Martha M. Flores-Leonar ◽

Zaahel Mata-Pinzón ◽

Humberto G. Laguna ◽

Karl García-Ruiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Redox Potential ◽

Active Material ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Small Subset ◽

Solubility In Water ◽

Protonation Reaction ◽

Redox Active ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Pka Value ◽

Flow Batteries

Compounds from the 2,2’-bipyridine molecular family were investigated for use as redox-active materials in organic flow batteries. For 156 2,2’-bipyridine derivatives reported in the academic literature, we calculated the redox potential, the pKa for the first protonation reaction, and the solubility in aqueous solutions. Using experimental data on a small subset of derivatives, we were able to calibrate our calculations. We find that functionalization with electron-withdrawing groups leads to an increase of the redox potential and to an increase of the molecular acidity (as expressed in a reduction of the pKa value for the first protonation step). Furthermore, calculations of solubility in water indicate that some of the studied derivatives have adequate solubility for flow battery applications. Based on an analysis of the physico-chemical properties of the 156 studied compounds, we down-select five molecules with carbonyl- and nitro-based functional groups, whose parameters are especially promising for potential application as negative redox-active material inorganic flow batteries.

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Relationship of soil physico chemical properties with elevation and geographical directions

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 788 (1) ◽

pp. 012172

Author(s):

Imran ◽

Amanullah ◽

S Naveed ◽

I Khan ◽

M Sajid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Relationship Of

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High-Performance Lead-Acid Batteries Enabled by Pb and PbO2 Nanostructured Electrodes: Effect of Operating Temperature

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6357

Author(s):

Roberto Luigi Oliveri ◽

Maria Grazia Insinga ◽

Simone Pisana ◽

Bernardo Patella ◽

Giuseppe Aiello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Active Material ◽

Active Surface ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Active Surface Area ◽

Polycarbonate Membrane ◽

Nanostructured Electrodes ◽

Lead Acid Batteries ◽

Improved Stability ◽

Lead Acid

Lead-acid batteries are now widely used for energy storage, as result of an established and reliable technology. In the last decade, several studies have been carried out to improve the performance of this type of batteries, with the main objective to replace the conventional plates with innovative electrodes with improved stability, increased capacity and a larger active surface. Such studies ultimately aim to improve the kinetics of electrochemical conversion reactions at the electrode-solution interface and to guarantee a good electrical continuity during the repeated charge/discharge cycles. To achieve these objectives, our contribution focuses on the employment of nanostructured electrodes. In particular, we have obtained nanostructured electrodes in Pb and PbO2 through electrosynthesis in a template consisting of a nanoporous polycarbonate membrane. These electrodes are characterized by a wider active surface area, which allows for a better use of the active material, and for a consequent increased specific energy compared to traditional batteries. In this research, the performance of lead-acid batteries with nanostructured electrodes was studied at 10 C at temperatures of 25, −20 and 40 °C in order to evaluate the efficiency and the effect of temperature on electrode morphology. The batteries were assembled using both nanostructured electrodes and an AGM-type separator used in commercial batteries.

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