Spark Ignition Engine Operation and Design for Minimum Exhaust Emission

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Huls ◽  
P. S. Myers ◽  
O. A. Uyehara
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Engine Operation

Combustion, Knock and Emission Characteristics of a Natural Gas Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine with Particular Reference to Low Intake Temperature Conditions

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Karim ◽  
I. A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Ignition Limits ◽  
Combustion Knock

For various fuel-air mixtures and different compression ratios, the intake temperature was varied over the entire range of ***200°F (366K) down to − 100°F (200K) when employing a single cylinder spark ignited research engine fuelled with natural gas. Performance data such as knock and ignition limits the nature and extent of exhaust emission and chamber pressure cyclic variation were obtained. Means were then suggested for the interpretation of the above mentioned data in terms of engine operation on liquefied natural gas. The experimental work confirmed in general the attractive features of the use of natural gas as a fuel in a spark ignition engine operated under extremely cold intake temperature conditions and that emissions of pollutants were not significantly increased.

Effects of Blending Gasoline With Ethanol and Butanol on Engine Efficiency and Emissions Using a Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cooney ◽  
Thomas Wallner ◽  
Steve McConnell ◽  
Jeffrey C. Gillen ◽  
Clint Abell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Advanced Biofuels ◽  
Engine Calibration ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Test Engine

The new U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard requires an increase of ethanol and advanced biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Due to its high octane number, renewable character and minimal toxicity, ethanol was believed to be one of the most favorable alternative fuels to displace gasoline in spark-ignited engines. However, ethanol fuel results in a substantial reduction in vehicle range when compared to gasoline. In addition, ethanol is fully miscible in water which requires blending at distribution sites instead of the refinery. Butanol, on the other hand, has an energy density comparable to gasoline and lower affinity for water than ethanol. Butanol has recently received increased attention due to its favorable fuel properties as well as new developments in production processes. The advantageous properties of butanol warrant a more in-depth study on the potential for butanol to become a significant component of the advanced biofuels mandate. This study evaluates the combustion behavior, performance, as well as the regulated engine-out emissions of ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline. Two of the butanol isomers; 1-butanol as well as iso-butanol, were tested as part of this study. The evaluation includes gasoline as a baseline, as well as various ethanol/gasoline and butanol/gasoline blends up to a volume blend ratio of 85% of the oxygenated fuel. The test engine is a spark ignition, direct-injection, (SIDI), four-cylinder test engine equipped with pressure transducers in each cylinder. These tests were designed to evaluate a scenario in terms of using these alcohol blends in an engine calibrated for pump gasoline operation. Therefore no modifications to the engine calibration were performed. Following this analysis of combustion behavior and emissions with the base engine calibration, future studies will include detailed heat release analysis of engine operation without exhaust gas recirculation. Also, knock behavior of the different fuel blends will be studied along with unregulated engine out emissions.

scholarly journals Quantitative, time-resolved detection of CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations in flows for injection analysis in CNG engines using IR absorption

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Bauke ◽  
Kai Golibrzuch ◽  
Frank Rotter ◽  
Hainer Wackerbarth ◽  
Olaf Thiele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Ir Absorption ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Inlet Manifold

Abstract. The reduction of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions is an important driving force for the development of modern engines. Especially in the transport sector, the use of alternative fuels like methane, the main component of compressed natural gas (CNG), is an applied measure to achieve this goal. This work describes the development of an optical measurement system for accurate quantification of CH4 densities in gas flows based on broadband absorption of infrared light, i.e. non-dispersive IR absorption spectroscopy (NDIR). We demonstrate the capability of the system to achieve high time resolution as well as high measurement accuracy and precision. The optical set-up of the system is designed for usage at the inlet manifold of CNG-fuelled spark ignition engines. It allows for detailed analysis of the mixture formation during single engine cycles. CH4 densities can be determined by monitoring the infrared light attenuation around 3.3 µm caused by the ν3 anti-symmetric C–H-stretch vibration. We calculate the nonlinear relation between transmittance and CH4 density from absorption cross sections calculated from the HITRAN database. The theoretical transmittance signals are corrected for spectral influences of the bandpass filter, the detector sensitivity, the fibre transmittance and the emission spectrum of the light source in order to calculate CH4 densities directly from the measured transmittance. A calibration function corrects remaining differences between experimental and simulated values and improves the accuracy. We show that the sensor system is capable for determination of air–fuel ratios (λ-values) and demonstrate the dynamic quantification of a CH4 injection into a flow channel under various flow conditions. Furthermore, we present the first measurements with a prototype probe capable of measurements inside the inlet manifold of a four-stroke spark ignition engine. We validate the detection strategy in experiments with premixed gases using a modified inlet geometry and demonstrate its application under standard engine operation with port fuel injection while varying the injection parameters.

scholarly journals Preliminary tests on dual fuel spark ignition engine fuelled with methanol and gasoline

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Zdzisław STELMASIAK ◽  
Jerzy LARISCH ◽  
Janusz SEMIKOW
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nitric Oxides ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Advantageous Effect ◽  
Valve Area

The paper presents a fuel system of a dual fuel spark ignition engine with a multipoint methanol and gasoline injection into the inlet valve area. The engine is fitted with double electronically controlled injectors. The system allows the engine operation on gasoline and methanol separately as well as combustion of the mixture of both fuels of any given alcohol content. The preliminary tests have been performed on a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine – Fiat 1100. The paper presents comparative results of the tests of an engine fuelled with gasoline and methanol. The performed tests showed an advantageous effect on the engine efficiency, the level of nitric oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust. A quick combustion of methanol increases the thermal load of the engine, which in turn may lead to an improper operation of the ignition system.

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