Re-current Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Nigeria: Status of Vaccination as Alternate control

Epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 in Nigeria was successfully contained during the first wave that lasted from 2006 to 2008 without the use of vaccine. Re-current and more severe outbreak was witnessed in 2015 and there are suspicions that some farmers may have resorted to vaccination to prevent infections in their flocks. We investigate evidence of vaccination in farms and the status of vaccination as alternate control for HPAI in Nigeria. The study was carried out in a cross section of 24 commercial poultry farms in four States in South West and North Central Nigeria. Five hundred and one sera collected randomly were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay for antibody to group specific influenza A nucleoprotein. One hundred and eight sera obtained from five H5N1 infected poultry farms were also concurrently screened. Reactive sera were further analysed by Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) test against H5 antigen using 1% suspension of pooled washed chicken red blood cells. Only 8 out of 501 sera (1.6%) had evidence of influenza A antibody. All of the 8 samples were from one farm with 20 samples collected representing 40% seroconversion at farm level. Three out of those sera were positive for H5 at HI titer of 3log2. All other sera including those obtained from HPAI infected farms were negative for influenza antibody. This study confirms limited antibody response to avian influenza subtype H5 most likely due to vaccination in one commercial flock. Vaccination against avian influenza by farmers desperate to protect their investments may lead to unregulated and suboptimal application of vaccines requiring farmers’ and stakeholders’ engagement to forestall negative impact. Keywords: Avian influenza; Control measures; Recurrent outbreaks; Vaccination status.

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First detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Norway

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02928-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Knut Madslien ◽

Torfinn Moldal ◽

Britt Gjerset ◽

Sveinn Gudmundsson ◽

Arne Follestad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Active Monitoring ◽

Main Hypothesis ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Poultry Farms

Abstract Background Several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by influenza A virus of subtype H5N8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in Europe during autumn 2020. Norway is one of the few countries in Europe that had not previously detected HPAI virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005. Results We report detection of HPAI virus subtype H5N8 in a wild pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), and several other geese, ducks and a gull, from south-western Norway in November and December 2020. Despite previous reports of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), this constitutes the first detections of HPAI in Norway. Conclusions The mode of introduction is unclear, but a northward migration of infected geese or gulls from Denmark or the Netherlands during the autumn of 2020 is currently our main hypothesis for the introduction of HPAI to Norway. The presence of HPAI in wild birds constitutes a new, and ongoing, threat to the Norwegian poultry industry, and compliance with the improved biosecurity measures on poultry farms should therefore be ensured. [MK1]Finally, although HPAI of subtype H5N8 has been reported to have very low zoonotic potential, this is a reminder that HPAI with greater zoonotic potential in wild birds may pose a threat in the future. [MK1]Updated with a sentence emphasizing the risk HPAI pose to poultry farms, both in the Abstract and in the Conclusion-section in main text, as suggested by Reviewer 1 (#7).

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EVALUASI KEBERLANJUTAN PENERAPAN LANGKAH-LANGKAH BIOSEKURITI PADA PETERNAKAN AYAM BROILER DI DESA SELANBAWAK, KECAMATAN MARGA, KABUPATEN TABANAN

Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan ◽

10.24843/mip.2018.v21.i02.p07 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

SARINI N. P. ◽

N. N. SURYANI ◽

NI PUTU MARIANI ◽

A. A. OKA ◽

M. DEWANTARI

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

The Government

The entry of Avian Influenza (AI) to Indonesia in 2003 gave a tremendously negative impact on poultrybusinesses. Biosecurity is one of the government efforts to protect the spread of infectious diseases to the farms.It gets a good response from all the stakeholders in the poultry industry. Although there are no Avian Influenzaoutbreaks anymore, control to the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is still becoming a main priority incontrolling diseases in the poultry farms. This research was conducted to evaluate the sustainability of biosecurityimplementation in the broiler farms and mentored requirement to prevent AI outbreaks from occurring again.A survey was used to gain information on broiler famers at Selanbawak Village. The samples in this study wereall the farmers who were involved in the ACIAR project AH/2006/169. They had been trained and supervised toimplement biosecurity measures in their farms. The data obtained were descriptive-qualitatively analyzed usingpercentage approach based on the biosecurity implementation criteria. It was found that the biosecurity measuresimplemented by those farmers had not been maintained. Most of the farms were untidy; and rubbishes and busheswere scattered around the farms. The footbath was not properly used as sanitary equipment, and even some wereburied with cement.

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At least five workers infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) during outbreak of avian influenza in poultry farms in Holland - update 14 March

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.07.11.02181-en ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Control Measures ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Poultry Farms

Earlier this month, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in several Dutch poultry farms was reported. Extensive control measures to prevent spread to unaffected poultry farms have been implemented (1).

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Human infection associated with outbreak of fowl plague (avian influenza) in the Netherlands – update 27 March

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.07.13.02193-en ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 7 (13) ◽

Author(s):

A Meijer ◽

M Du Ry ◽

R Fouchier ◽

G Natrop ◽

B Wilbrink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Human Infection ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Eye Symptoms ◽

Close Contacts

At the beginning of March 2003 an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H7N7) in several Dutch poultry farms was reported (1). On 11 March 2003, several workers, who had been exposed to A/H7N7 infected poultry, developed conjunctivitis. Some of them tested positive for influenza A/H7N7 (2). One week later, two close contacts of a worker with H7N7 infection developed similar eye symptoms. They had also been infected with the avian influenza virus, although they had had no exposure to infected poultry themselves, which strongly suggests human to human transmission of the virus (3).

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Unusually High Mortality in Waterfowl Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Bangladesh

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases ◽

10.1111/tbed.12354 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 144-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. Haider ◽

K. Sturm-Ramirez ◽

S. U. Khan ◽

M. Z. Rahman ◽

S. Sarkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

High Mortality ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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Pathologic Changes in Wild Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid2105.141967 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 775-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Hye-Ryoung Kim ◽

Yong-Kuk Kwon ◽

Il Jang ◽

Youn-Jeong Lee ◽

Hyun-Mi Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

South Korea ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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Biological characterisation of the emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses in humans, in mainland China, 2016 to 2017

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.19.30533 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Wenfei Zhu ◽

Jianfang Zhou ◽

Zi Li ◽

Lei Yang ◽

Xiyan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Mainland China ◽

H7n9 Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Binding Preference ◽

Severe Infections ◽

Epidemic Wave

With no or low virulence in poultry, avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has caused severe infections in humans. In the current fifth epidemic wave, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged. The insertion of four amino acids (KRTA) at the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site enabled trypsin-independent infectivity of this virus. Although maintaining dual receptor-binding preference, its HA antigenicity was distinct from low-pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9). The neuraminidase substitution R292K conferred a multidrug resistance phenotype.

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