Democratic Consolidation in Third Wave Democracies

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Yashar

Scholars of democratic consolidation have come to focus on the links between political institutions and enduring regime outcomes. This article takes issue with the conceptual and analytical underpinnings of this literature by highlighting how new political institutions, rather than securing democratic politics, have in fact had a more checkered effect. It delineates why the theoretical expectations of the democratic consolidation literature have not been realized and draws, by example, on the contemporary ethnic movements that are now challenging third-wave democracies. In particular, it highlights how contemporary indigenous movements, emerging in response to unevenly institutionalized reforms, pose a postliberal challenge to Latin America's I newly founded democracies. These movements have sparked political debates and constitutional reforms over community rights, territorial autonomy, and a multiethnic citizenry. As a whole, I they have laid bare the weakness of state institutions, the contested terms of democracy, and the I indeterminacy of ethnic accommodation in the region. As such, these movements highlight the need to qualify somewhat premature and narrow discussions of democratic consolidation in favor I of a broader research agenda on democratic politics.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
John Bwalya ◽  
Owen B. Sichone

Despite the important role that intra-party democracy plays in democratic consolidation, particularly in third-wave democracies, it has not received as much attention as inter-party democracy. Based on the Zambian polity, this article uses the concept of selectocracy to explain why, to a large extent, intra-party democracy has remained a refractory frontier. Two traits of intra-party democracy are examined: leadership transitions at party president-level and the selection of political party members for key leadership positions. The present study of four political parties: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), United Party for National Development (UPND) and Patriotic Front (PF) demonstrates that the iron law of oligarchy predominates leadership transitions and selection. Within this milieu, intertwined but fluid factors, inimical to democratic consolidation but underpinning selectocracy, are explained.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Arie Hendrawan ◽  
Bambang Tri Atmojo ◽  
Wahyu Rizki Pratama

Abstrak  Pada tahun 2014, skor indeks demokrasi Brazil sempat menyentuh angka 7.38, tetapi kemudian terus jatuh seiring dengan krisis politik yang mendera negara terbesar di Amerika Latin tersebut. Meskipun demikian, dari segi politik dan ekonomi, Brazil masih relatif lebih mapan dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Amerika Latin lain yang dibuktikan dengan keikutsertaannya dalam grup ekonomi utama (G-20). Hal itu membuat penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis, bagaimana Brazil mampu melewati fase transisi dan membangun konsolidasi demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif eksplanatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka. Fase transisi demokrasi Brazil terjadi di antara masa diktator militer (1964-1985) dan masa republik baru (tahun 1985-sekarang). Kronik transisi demokrasi Brazil tersebut relevan dengan faktor-faktor gelombang ketiga demokrastisasi yang dikemukakan oleh Huntington dan beberapa pendekatan lain. Selanjutnya, fase konsolidasi demokrasi Brazil dimulai sejak penerapan Konstitusi Baru Brazil pada tahun 1988. Penerapan Konstitusi Baru Brazil menjadi pintu masuk bagi konsolidasi demokrasi, sebab menciptakan pemerintahan yang lebih terbuka dan demokratis serta jaminan yang luas atas hak-hak dan demokratisasi. Jadi, syarat-syarat konsolidasi demokrasi seperti Pemilu yang bebas dan layak, pemerintahan yang demokratis, serta jaminan terhadap hak-hak individu dan partisipasi publik dapat terpenuhi dengan Konstitusi Baru sebagai landasan yuridisnya. Tantangan ke depan untuk menjaga konsolidasi demokrasi di Brazil adalah pembangunan ekonomi dan penguatan integritas pemerintah. Di samping itu, kebangkitan kelompok populisme sayap kanan juga perlu diwaspadai, sebab dapat berpotensi mengembalikan demokrasi Brazil pada fase otoriter. Kata kunci: Brazil, transisi demokrasi, konsolidasi demokrasi   Abstract In 2014, Brazil's democratic index score touched 7.38 but then continued to fall in line with political crisis that plagued the largest country in Latin America. However, in terms of politics and economics, Brazil is still relatively more established compared to other Latin American countries as evidenced by its participation in the main economic groups (G-20). That makes writer interested in analyzing how Brazil can go through a transition phase and build democratic consolidation. This research uses an explanative qualitative approach with data collection techniques through a literature study. Brazil's transition phase of democracy took place between the military dictatorship period (1964-1985) and the new republic era (1985-present). The chronicle of Brazil's democratic transition is relevant to the factors of third wave of democratization put forward by Huntington and several other approaches. Furthermore, consolidation phase of Brazil's democracy began since adoption of the Brazilian New Constitution in 1988. The application of the Brazilian New Constitution became an entry point for democratic consolidation because it created a more open and democratic government and broad guarantees of rights and democratization. Thus, the conditions for democratic consolidation such as free and proper elections, democratic governance, and guarantees of individual rights and public participation can be fulfilled with New Constitution as a juridical basis. The challenges ahead for maintaining democratic consolidation in Brazil are economic development and strengthening the integrity of government. Besides, rise of right-wing populism also needs to be watched out, because it could potentially restore Brazil's democracy to an authoritarian phase. Keywords: Brazil, democratic transition, democratic consolidation  


1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doh Chull Shin

This article synthesizes significant findings of theoretical and empirical research on the third wave of democratization. It addresses a number of central questions. What changes have been taking place in the study of democracy and democratization over the past two decades? How have the concepts of democracy and democratization been redefined for a new generation of scholars oriented to action and advice? What developments in the measurement of the two concepts have been stimulated by the quickening pace of democratization? What has been learned about the dynamics of democratization itself? What mixes of democratic institutions and rules offer the “best” prospect for democratic consolidation? What kinds of strategies and tactics have been prescribed for encouraging democratic reforms in those countries that remain nondemocratic? What are the prospects for the third wave of democratization?


Asian Survey ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-494
Author(s):  
Qingshan Tan ◽  
Peter Kien-hong Yu ◽  
Wen-chun Chen

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