International Strategies of Italian Multinationals

2013 ◽  
pp. 83-103
Keyword(s):  
International Strategies

scholarly journals National Trends in Cycling in Light of the Norwegian Bike Traffic Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6198
Author(s):  
Solveig Nordengen ◽  
Lars Bo Andersen ◽  
Amund Riiser ◽  
Ane K. Solbraa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
National Trends ◽  
International Strategies ◽  
Nonsignificant Decrease ◽  
Walking For Transportation

National and international strategies and recommendations are intended to increase physical activity in the general population. Active transportation is included in interdisciplinary strategies to meet these recommendations. Cycling seems to be more health enhancing than walking for transportation since cycling seems to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors. Furthermore, the health benefits of cycling are proven to outrun the risk of injuries and mortality. Politicians seem to approve costly infrastructure strategies to increase the amount of cycling in the population to improve public health and shift to more sustainable travel habits. A linear relationship between cycle-friendly infrastructure and the amount of commuter cycling has been demonstrated. However, in Norway and on a global level, there is a lack of robust evaluations of actions and sensitive monitoring systems to observe possible change. Therefore, we aimed to develop the Norwegian bike traffic index and describe the national, regional, and local trends in counted cycle trips. We used a transparent methodology so that the index can be used, developed, and adapted in other countries. We included 89 stationary counters from the whole country. Counters monitored cycling from 2018 onward. The index is organized at local, regional, and national levels. Furthermore, the index is adjusted for population density at the counter level and presented as ratio of counted cycle trips, comparing 2018 to subsequent years. The index is presented as a percentage change with 95% confidence intervals. In Norway, counted cycle trips increased by 11% from 2018 (100, 100–100) to 2020 (111.0, 106.2–115.1), with large geographical differences. In Southern Norway, there was a significant increase of 23%, and in Northern Norway, there was a nonsignificant decrease by 8% from 2018 to 2020. The indices may indicate possible related effects of local to national cycling strategies and how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Norwegian travel habits in urban areas.

Suppliers’ international strategies

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 86-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svante Andersson
Keyword(s):  
International Strategies

scholarly journals The political biogeography of migratory marine predators

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn-Lynn Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Political ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Leatherback Turtles ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Marine Predators ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
International Strategies

We synthesized a large tracking data set from the Tagging of Pacific Predators to show how the movements and migratory phenology of 1,648 individuals representing 14 species—from leatherback turtles to white sharks—relate to the geopolitical boundaries of the Pacific Ocean throughout species’ annual cycles. Cumulatively, these species visited 86% of Pacific Ocean countries and some spent three-quarters of their annual cycles in the high seas. With our results, we offer answers to questions posed when designing international strategies for managing migratory species.

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