scholarly journals National Trends in Cycling in Light of the Norwegian Bike Traffic Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6198
Author(s):  
Solveig Nordengen ◽  
Lars Bo Andersen ◽  
Amund Riiser ◽  
Ane K. Solbraa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
National Trends ◽  
International Strategies ◽  
Nonsignificant Decrease ◽  
Walking For Transportation

National and international strategies and recommendations are intended to increase physical activity in the general population. Active transportation is included in interdisciplinary strategies to meet these recommendations. Cycling seems to be more health enhancing than walking for transportation since cycling seems to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors. Furthermore, the health benefits of cycling are proven to outrun the risk of injuries and mortality. Politicians seem to approve costly infrastructure strategies to increase the amount of cycling in the population to improve public health and shift to more sustainable travel habits. A linear relationship between cycle-friendly infrastructure and the amount of commuter cycling has been demonstrated. However, in Norway and on a global level, there is a lack of robust evaluations of actions and sensitive monitoring systems to observe possible change. Therefore, we aimed to develop the Norwegian bike traffic index and describe the national, regional, and local trends in counted cycle trips. We used a transparent methodology so that the index can be used, developed, and adapted in other countries. We included 89 stationary counters from the whole country. Counters monitored cycling from 2018 onward. The index is organized at local, regional, and national levels. Furthermore, the index is adjusted for population density at the counter level and presented as ratio of counted cycle trips, comparing 2018 to subsequent years. The index is presented as a percentage change with 95% confidence intervals. In Norway, counted cycle trips increased by 11% from 2018 (100, 100–100) to 2020 (111.0, 106.2–115.1), with large geographical differences. In Southern Norway, there was a significant increase of 23%, and in Northern Norway, there was a nonsignificant decrease by 8% from 2018 to 2020. The indices may indicate possible related effects of local to national cycling strategies and how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Norwegian travel habits in urban areas.

scholarly journals Vulnerability to fatal drowning among the population in Southern Bangladesh: findings from a cross-sectional household survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e027896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminur Rahman ◽  
Jagnoor Jagnoor ◽  
Kamran ul Baset ◽  
Dan Ryan ◽  
Tahera Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the fatal drowning burden and associated risk factors in Southern Bangladesh.SettingsThe survey was conducted in 39 subdistricts of all 6 districts of the Barisal division, Southern Bangladesh.ParticipantsAll residents (for a minimum 6 months prior to survey) of the Barisal division, Southern Bangladesh.Intervention/methodsA cross-sectional, divisionally representative household survey was conducted in all six districts of the Barisal division between September 2016 and February 2017, covering a population of 386 016. Data were collected by face-to-face interview with adult respondents using handheld electronic tablets. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-v. 10 (ICD-10) Chapter XX: External causes of morbidity and mortality codes for drowning, W65–W74, X36–X39, V90, V92, X71 or X92, were used as the operational definition of a drowning event.ResultsThe overall fatal drowning rate in Barisal was 37.9/100 000 population per year (95% CI 31.8 to 43.9). The highest fatal drowning rate was observed among children aged 1–4 years (262.2/100 000/year). Mortality rates among males (48.2/100 000/year) exceeded that for females (27.9/100 000/year). A higher rate of fatal drowning was found in rural (38.9/100 000/year) compared with urban areas (29.3/100 000/year). The results of the multivariable logistic regression identified that the factors significantly associated with fatal drowning were being male (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3), aged 1–4 years (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.4) and residing in a household with four or more children (four or more children OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9; and five or more children OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7).ConclusionDrowning is a public health problem, especially for children, in the Barisal division of Southern Bangladesh. Male gender, children 1–4 years of age and residing in a household with four or more children were associated with increased risk of fatal drowning events. The Barisal division demands urgent interventions targeted at high-risk groups identified in the survey.

scholarly journals Analysis of Self-Reported Walking for Transit in a Sprawling Urban Metropolitan Area in the Western U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Coughenour ◽  
Hanns de la Fuente-Mella ◽  
Alexander Paz
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Design Characteristics

Walkability is associated with increased levels of physical activity and improved health and sustainability. The sprawling design of many metropolitan areas of the western U.S., such as Las Vegas, influences their walkability. The purpose of this study was to consider sprawl characteristics along with well-known correlates of walkability to determine what factors influence self-reported minutes of active transportation. Residents from four neighborhoods in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, targeted for their high and low walkability scores, were surveyed for their perceptions of street-connectivity, residential-density, land-use mix, and retail–floor-area ratio and sprawl characteristics including distance between crosswalks, single-entry-communities, high-speed streets, shade, and access to transit. A Poisson model provided the best estimates for minutes of active transportation and explained 11.28% of the variance. The model that included sprawl characteristics resulted in a better estimate of minutes of active transportation compared to the model without them. The results indicate that increasing walkability in urban areas such as Las Vegas requires an explicit consideration of its sprawl characteristics. Not taking such design characteristics into account may result in the underestimation of the influence of sprawl on active transportation and may result in a missed opportunity to increase walking. Understanding the correlates of walkability at the local level is important in successfully promoting walking as a means to increase active transportation and improve community health and sustainability.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factor of hypertension among individuals of age 18-59 years in South-eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajjwal Pyakurel ◽  
Deepak Kumar Yadav ◽  
Jeevan Thapa ◽  
Nishant Thakur ◽  
Pramita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the rising burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing region. It has also been recognized as one of the major public health problems in the developing countries since the early seventies and the rate is increasing not only in urban areas but in rural areas with low socio-economic condition.  Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Jogidaha Village Development Comittee(VDC) and Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district of South-Eastern Nepal. A total of 430 participants of age 18-59 years were selected. Semi-structured questionnaire (WHO NCD STEPS instrument) was used to collect information on demographic variables and associated risk factors with use of show cards. Clinical and anthropometric measurement were done. Primary outcome was prevalence of hypertension. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed to show strength of association among various risk factors with hypertension.  Results: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 25.1%. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 49.8%. Hypertension was significantly associated with age (AOR=1.09, CI=1.05-1.10) and gender (male >female; AOR= 2.12,CI =1.22-3.68). Similarly, increased waist-hip ratio(7.12; CI 2.87-17.67),alcohol consumption(OR=2.82,CI=1.77-4.52), and use of tobacco products (OR =1.8,CI=1.02-3.20) showed significant association with hypertension. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of hypertension in rural districts of South-Eastern Nepal. A community-based preventive approach with early detection and treatment and life-style modification is needed to reduce the burden of disease and make sustainable changes. 

scholarly journals Spatial and Simultaneous Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in Owners and Their Domiciled Dogs in a Major City of Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline do Nascimento Benitez ◽  
Thais Cabral Monica ◽  
Ana Carolina Miura ◽  
Micheline Sahyun Romanelli ◽  
Lucienne Garcia Pretto Giordano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Major City ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Case Distribution ◽  
Variable Analysis

Although leptospirosis has been considered a major concern in urban areas, no study to date has spatially and simultaneously compared both owner and dog serology in households of major cities. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to assess the seroprevalence of Leptospira antibodies, evaluate associated risk factors and conduct spatial analyses in 565 randomly selected households, which included 597 dog owners and 729 dogs in Londrina, Southern Brazil. Seropositivity by MAT were detected in in 11/597 (1.84%) owners and in 155/729 (21.26%) dogs. The risk factors were evaluated with logistic regression analysis and spatial factors and case distribution were evaluated with kernel density analyses. The sera of 14/155 (9.03%) dogs reacted for more than one serovar with the same titer. Canicola was the most frequent serogroup, detected in 3/11 (27.27%) owners and 76/155 (49.03%) dogs. The highest titer among the owners was 1:3,200 and was detected in the same household with a titer of 1:800 in the dog. Simultaneous owner-dog seropositivity was found in 7/565 (1.23%) households, with three reacted against serogroup Canicola. Positive owners were detected in 4/565 (0.70%) households and positive dogs were detected in 141/565 (24.95%) households. The associated risks of infection for dogs were different from those associated with infection in owners. Risk analyses for Canicola also identified specific factors of infection. Regardless of owner and dog cases were not statistically clustered, the kernel map has shown dog positivity occurrence in the same hot locations and near positive owners. The dependent variable analysis and logit model suggested a greater likelihood of peri-domiciliary contact with Leptospira. In conclusion, exposure to Leptospira infection was significantly higher in dogs than in their owners and human cases spatially overlapped dog cases, implicating dogs as potential environmental sentinels for this disease. In addition, the associated risk may vary according to serogroup, and the observed simultaneous Canicola seropositivity of owner and dog has suggested intradomicile-transmitted infection.

scholarly journals Study of geographical distribution of number of cases of COVID-19 in different areas of Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
T. Mohanty ◽  
P. P. Doke ◽  
K. H. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Case Distribution

Background: Geographical differences in number of COVID-19 cases and death are affected by population density, age, gender distribution and mitigation measures like social distancing etc. The aim of this study was to determine the geographical distribution of number of cases of covid-19 in different areas of Maharashtra. The investigator wants to know, which area, which age group and which gender has been affected the most by COVID-19 along with the effect of lockdown.Methods: Area and population of all the COVID-19 affected area was collected and area wise number of cases till 31st May 2020 was considered. Association between number of COVID-19 cases and population of areas was calculated and gender-wise and age-wise case distribution was also calculated.Results: Cases are more in urban areas mainly in corporation (Chi square=114441; p<0.0001). Age group 31-40 years’ is most affected (11.5 per 100,000 population affected). Young adults as well males were affected most and even though population of children is quite big, they remained less affected (chi square=22117).Conclusions: This COVID-19 is a disease of urban area primarily affecting corporation areas. High population density and overcrowding are mainly responsible for initial phase of this disease only in corporation area. Strict lockdown and other social measures decreased both transmission and mortality rate.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Hodgkin's Disease in the Province of Torino, 1965-1971

1979 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-423
Author(s):  
Paolo Vineis ◽  
Giovanni Aimone ◽  
Giuseppe Costa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Nonmetropolitan Area ◽  
Age Class ◽  
The City

Age-standardized incidence rates of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino in 1965-1971 were 2.81/100,000/year in males and 1.64 in females, i.e., somewhat lower than in urban areas of other industrialized countries. In the whole province, age-distribution for males was similar to previous findings elsewhere, with a young-adult peak at ages 25-34. However, in the city of Torino, males showed a first peak in the age-class 35-44, while in the rest of the province an infantile peak (0-14 years) was found. By dividing the latter area in suburbs and nonmetropolitan area, the infantile peak was confirmed only in the nonmetropolitan area. Females showed a different behavior: in the city of Torino there was a unimodal curve (peak in age-class 55-64), and in the rest of the province there was a bimodal curve with a first peak in age-class 15-24. These patterns have been analyzed in relation to the suggestion of a distribution by age of Hodgkin's disease following 3 types (nonindustrialized countries, urban areas of industrialized countries and rural areas of industrialized countries). No significant differences in the distribution of cases were found among the smallest geographical units considered (ULSs), in contrast with previous findings on cancer of the larynx and bladder, which showed marked geographical differences within the province of Torino.

scholarly journals Rural Water Supply in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (78) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Jorge Alejandro Silva Rodríguez de San Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Mexican Government

The supply of water to rural areas has historically provided the Mexican government with a significant challenge. Years of uncertainty in relation to responsibility for water supply, as well as geographical differences across the country and a division between rural and urban areas, explain this phenomenon. I have reviewed in this paper a substantial proportion of the literature on this topic, the reasons behind its nature, and the solutions to the problem in Mexico, as my main aim. The key conclusion is that while improvements in rural water supply in Mexico have been made, further work is required for equality in its supply.

scholarly journals Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Anou Dreyfus ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Ruf ◽  
Anne Mayer-Scholl ◽  
Theresa Zitzl ◽  
Nadine Loosli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Military

Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Taenia solium among pig rearers and associated risk factors in Jos metropolis, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 067-072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Paul Weka ◽  
Eugene I Ikeh ◽  
Joshua Kamani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Water System ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pig Management ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Introduction: In Nigeria, Taenia solium cysticercosis is a problem in rural areas where most pigs are kept and in urban areas where infected pork can be consumed. Methodology: We performed enzyme linked immunosorbent assays on serum samples collected from pig rearers in Jos, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies. Results: Of 125 subjects tested, 12 (9.6%) were positive for T. solium. Seroprevalence did not differ significantly (P>0.05) according to education, age, occupation, study location, gender or whether the subjects consumed pork. However, a statistical difference (P<0.05) in seroprevalence was observed according to type and availability of toilet used, personal hygiene after using the toilet, and type of pig management practiced. Females were about two times more likely to be seroprevalent than males (OR=1.7; 95% CI= 0.43-6.67; P=0.4) and subjects who consumed pork were four times more likely to have anti T. solium antibodies than those who did not eat pork (OR=4.2; 95%CI=0.52-33.57; P=0.2). Those who defecated in the bush were 8.3 times more likely to suffer from T. solium infection than those who used water system toilets (OR=8.3; 95%CI=1.56-43.7; P=0.01). Subjects who did not wash their hands after defecating were 6 times more likely to contract T. solium compared to those who washed their hands with water ( OR=5.5; 95% CI=1.39-21.89; P=0.01). Conclusion: Our results show that using a toilet and practicing good personal hygiene can reduce cases of T. solium infection in a community.

National Trends in Pediatric Admissions for Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 2006-2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle M Everett ◽  
Timothy P Copeland ◽  
Tannaz Moin ◽  
Lauren E Wisk
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Demographic Subgroups ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Mean Charge

Abstract Background and Objectives Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates in the US are rising. Prior studies suggest higher rates in younger populations, but no studies have evaluated national trends in pediatric populations and differences by subgroups. As such, we sought to examine national trends in pediatric DKA. Methods We used the 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) to identify pediatric DKA admissions among a nationally-representative sample of admissions youth ≤20 years-old. We estimate DKA admission per 10,000 admissions and per 10,000 population, charges, length of stay (LOS), and trends over time among all hospitalizations and by demographic subgroups. Regression models were used to evaluate differences in DKA rates within subgroups overtime. Results Between 2006 and 2016, there were 149,535 admissions for DKA. Unadjusted DKA rate per admission increased from 120.5 (95%CI:115.9–125.2) in 2006 to 217.7 (95%CI:208.3–227.5) in 2016. The mean charge per admission increased from $14,548 (95%CI:$13,971–$15,125) in 2006 to $20,997 (95%CI:$19,973–$22,022) in 2016, while mean LOS decreased from 2.51 (95%CI:2.45–2.57) to 2.28 (95%CI:2.23–2.33) days. Higher DKA rates occurred among 18-20 year-old, females, Black youth, without private insurance, with lower incomes, and from non-urban areas. Young adults, men, those without private insurance, and from non-urban areas had greater increases in DKA rates across time. Conclusions Pediatric DKA admissions have risen by 40% in the US and vulnerable subgroups remain at highest risk. Further studies should characterize the challenges experienced by these groups, to inform interventions to mitigate their DKA risk and to address the rising DKA rates nationally.

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