Congressional politics The parameters of congressional power –Party discipline and party unity – Influences on congressional voting behaviour – The structure of Congress – Congressional leadership – The Speaker – The majority and minority floor leaders – Party committees – The House Rules Committee – The filibuster in the Senate – The congressional committee system – Conference committees – The presidential veto power – Congressional control of finance – Other control functions – Congress and policy making

2013 ◽  
pp. 110-135
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Veto Power ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Congressional Committee ◽  
Party Discipline ◽  
Congressional Voting ◽  
Conference Committees ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Rules Committee

Supreme Court Voting and Realigning Issues: A Microlevel Analysis of Supreme Court Policy Making and Electoral Realignment

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-283
Author(s):  
John B. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Party System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Congressional Voting ◽  
Electoral Support

Realignment of the American party system is a major focus for students of voting behavior, congressional policy making, and political history (Key, 1955; Burnham, 1970; Clubb, Flannigan, and Zingale, 1980; Kleppner, 1979; Sundquist, 1973; Campbell, 1977; Trilling and Campbell, 1980; Ladd and Hadley, 1978; Brady and Stewart, 1982; Brady, 1985; Sinclair, 1982). The transformation of the party system encompasses significant shifts in electoral support for the major political parties, changes in congressional policy making, and a redirection of national policy making. The rise of new party eras is intriguing because the constitutional structure seeks to minimize such major institutional and policy change. The separation of powers, federalism, and different recruitment patterns for political leaders are structural factors inhibiting major policy change (Brady, 1985). Realignment overcomes these barriers as highly volatile and cross-cutting issues arise. These issues produce linkages between electoral choice, congressional voting, and the broad shape of national policy making.

Party Discipline with Legislative Initiative

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS FERNANDO MEDINA
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Perfect Information ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Party Discipline ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
Ideological Stance

This article analyses the role of parties in political systems with legislative initiative. The model explicitly takes into account the multi-district nature of elections so that voters recognize that they are not voting for a policy but for members of a policy-making body. In this setting, parties can attain their ideological goals without resorting to extreme discipline of their members in the legislature. With respect to the electorate, although voters are endowed with perfect information about their candidates' ideological stance, this model explains how the legislature will display correlation across ideology and party, a feature often attributed to imperfect information.

Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jason Robert VandenBeukel ◽  
Christopher Cochrane ◽  
Jean-François Godbout
Keyword(s):  
Legislative Process ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Party Discipline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Scaling Algorithms

Abstract Since 2015, the Canadian Senate has undergone a series of reforms designed to make it more independent, ideologically diverse, and active in the legislative process. We use loyalty scores and vote scaling algorithms to situate the voting behaviour of senators, focusing primarily on the 41st and 42nd Parliaments (2011–2019), the period just before and after the changes, respectively. We find that the reforms have led to a loosening of party discipline across all parties and caucuses but that independent senators appointed under the reformed process are the most likely supporters of the government's agenda. We also find that the Senate has become more willing to use its formal powers.

Modern TEM systems architecture

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 602-605
Author(s):  
U. Gross ◽  
P. Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Systems Architecture ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Information ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Analytical Equipment

By addition of analytical equipment, scanning transmission accessories and data processing equipment the basic transmission electron microscope (TEM) has evolved into a comprehensive information gathering system. This extension has led to increased complexity of the instrument as compared with the straightforward imaging microscope, since in general new information capacity has required the addition of new control hardware. The increased operational complexity is reflected in a proliferation of knobs and buttons.In the conventional electron microscope design the operating panel of the instrument has distinct control elements to alter optical conditions of the microscope column in different modes. As a consequence a multiplicity of control functions has been inevitable. Examples of this are the three pairs of focus and magnification controls needed for TEM imaging, diffraction patterns, and STEM images.

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