Some Theories of the Hard Currency Shortages of Centrally Planned Economies

The article is devoted to the issue of designing an air conditioning system (SСA) of the cabin of an agricultural machine to create comfortable conditions and ensure good health of the driver. The methodology for determining heat inflows and moisture inflows into the cabin is shown. The required cooling capacity of hard currency is calculated using the i-d diagram.

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Lebanon’s energy hopes depend on Mideast integration

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db264145 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Solar Power ◽

Oil Products ◽

Content Type ◽

Hard Currency ◽

Poor Infrastructure

Significance Import-dependent Lebanon has faced acute energy shortages in recent months, reflecting poor infrastructure, unsustainable policies and a lack of hard currency. Leaders are exploring rival regional options for the supply of gas and oil products: primarily Iraq, Iran and Egypt gas via Jordan and Syria. Impacts Since Lebanon has no functional refinery, it would be unable to use direct crude oil imports. Reliable provision of petrol and diesel will ultimately require a painful complete end to subsidies. Installation of solar power is already happening rapidly through private initiatives, but its contribution will remain minor.

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Intergirl: A Hard Currency Prostitute

World Literature Today ◽

10.2307/40148263 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 364

Author(s):

Arnold McMillin ◽

Vladimir Kunin ◽

Antonina W. Bouis

Keyword(s):

Hard Currency

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Import Prices and Hard Currency Constraints in Eastern Europe: Implications for Coarse Grain Imports and Production of Meat

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800008178 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 201-215

Author(s):

Roberto J. Garcia ◽

Dragan Miljkovic ◽

Miguel I. Gómez

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Import Demand ◽

Coarse Grain ◽

Meat Production ◽

Import Prices ◽

Hard Currency ◽

Political Reforms

AbstractThe objectives of this study were (a) to determine the degree to which hard currency earnings constrained overall imports and coarse grain imports in command economies; (b) to measure the importance of import prices on grain imports and to trace the link of grain availability to meat production; and (c) to determine how economic and political reforms in the selected countries may have affected the hard currency constraint, the importance of import prices, and grain imports and meat production. The results indicate that import demand was constrained by earnings of hard currency, but was not responsive to world prices, and meat production was affected by total grain availability, including imports.

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Monetarist perspectives of Papua New Guinea's Hard Currency Strategy

World Development ◽

10.1016/0305-750x(88)90014-9 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 807-820 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Neil Dias Karunaratne

Keyword(s):

Hard Currency

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A Passport to Peace? Modern Tourism and Internationalist Idealism

European Review ◽

10.1017/s1062798719000516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 389-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sune Bechmann Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Tourist Industry ◽

Vital Force ◽

International Understanding ◽

Hard Currency ◽

International Tourist ◽

Critical Scrutiny ◽

Post War ◽

The Cold War

Catchy slogans about tourism’s peace-promoting qualities abound – ‘passport to peace’, ‘a vital force for peace’ and ‘the peace industry’, to name but a few. Yet, despite the critical scrutiny of the peace–tourism nexus in recent decades, its historical roots remain unexplored. This article traces the origins of the idea that tourism can help advance peace and international understanding. It examines the aspirations of the various international tourist organisations founded during the interwar and early post-war period. While these organisations sought to foster peaceful relations across national and cultural borders, their discourse of tourism as a force for peace also gave legitimacy to a transnational tourist industry and government attempts to secure hard currency in the Cold War.

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