Vulnerable in Nature

This chapter conceptually links children’s human rights with environmental human rights. Environmental rights initially belong to future generations because they are uniquely vulnerable to environmental harms perpetuated by those living today, and consequently belong to living generations through “reflexive reciprocity.” Children in fact represent the first, “living” future generation. Therefore they share environmental rights with future generations. Those rights are uniquely “emergent” in nature for both children and future persons; they emerge at the group level. They are also rights that take special priority over adult human rights, based on the vulnerability of both children and future groups.

Rare diseases in healthcare priority setting: should rarity matter?

Rare diseases pose a particular priority setting problem. The UK gives rare diseases special priority in healthcare priority setting. Effectively, the National Health Service is willing to pay much more to gain a quality-adjusted life-year related to a very rare disease than one related to a more common condition. But should rare diseases receive priority in the allocation of scarce healthcare resources? This article develops and evaluates four arguments in favour of such a priority. These pertain to public values, luck egalitarian distributive justice the epistemic difficulties of obtaining knowledge about rare diseases and the incentives created by a higher willingness to pay. The first is at odds with our knowledge regarding popular opinion. The three other arguments may provide a reason to fund rare diseases generously. However, they are either overinclusive because they would also justify funding for many non-rare diseases or underinclusive in the sense of justifying priority for only some rare diseases. The arguments thus fail to provide a justification that tracks rareness as such.

PANDEMIC AND GENERAL TRENDS AND CHALLENGES OF WORLD TOURISM

Tourism is one of the most important fields of the world economy. In recent years, world tourism has been a direction of special priority and the attention to it has increased considerably. The importance of tourism to the World Heritage was gradually increasing, which changed both opportunities and danger. The World Heritage Center was tasked with developing a solid World Heritage Tourism Development Program. The purpose of this program is to help the World Heritage Committee and the management of the facilities use tourism as a positive factor in preserving the world heritage and mitigating the expected threats. Although there are suitable environmental conditions for the development of tourism in the world, it is significantly affected by such risks as: climate, natural disasters, political situation, various viruses, pandemics, etc. This kind of risk that fundamentally changed tourism around the world today is COVID-19, to which our article is dedicated.

Pandemic prioritarianism

Prioritarianism pertains to the generic idea that it matters more to benefit people, the worse off they are, and while prioritarianism is not uncontroversial, it is considered a generally plausible and widely shared distributive principle often applied to healthcare prioritisation. In this paper, I identify social justice prioritarianism, severity prioritarianism and age-weighted prioritarianism as three different interpretations of the general prioritarian idea and discuss them in light of the effect of pandemic consequences on healthcare priority setting. On this analysis, the paper arrives at the following three conclusions: (1) that we have strong prioritarian reasons for special concern about the vulnerable and socially disadvantaged in reference to pandemic effects, (2) that severity of illness is an important factor in identifying the worse off in priority setting but that this must not over-ride the special priority to the socially disadvantaged and (3) that the maximisation rationale of the age-weighted view runs against the core prioritarian idea, and the age-weighted prioritarianism is thus unfitting as a prioritarian response to the COVID-19 case.

حقوق العجائز في ضوء القران والسنة - دراسة تأصيلية

Human being, when gets closer to annihilation, he becomes vulnerable as he progresses towards weakness and eventually he becomes mortal. It is the natural process of a human being that he becomes weak over time, but at the same time, where he is near death, then Allah makes him his beloved. He increases the importance of his weakness and develops sympathy for the elders in his immediate surroundings. If Allah has kept his command in a natural order, he has not left it on the requirements of this natural process, but has revealed the guidance of revelation for it, so that if human beings are to be lacking in these matters. If found, then the instructions of revelation should enlighten him on the completion of this process, and he will succeed in the test that is being run in the background of whole system. Thus, the Shari’ah has produced the precise incentive of each and every order in this order, even though there are those who institute the natural requirements. One of these countless issues is the rights of the elders & elderly. The following two main sources of Islamic Shariah are discussed with the Qur’an and Sunnah. The rules of the law are the same for all, but the Shari’ah separates elders from the end of life and gives special priority to them. This research explains their significant rights, describes their rights in the Qur’an.

Deficiencies in the Legal Framework of Housing in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

Housing has been given a special priority by the present Government of Pakistan due to its huge financial impact. One of the basic necessities of life includes housing. Housing has been acknowledged as directory principle under the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973. Under the scheme of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, the provision of housing units is primarily the responsibility of the Local Governments in the provinces, but they have miserably failed to do so. This article points out some of the major reasons and obstacles due to which housing laws are unable to regulate the housing industry of Pakistan in an effective manner. At the end of this article, some suggestions and recommendations have been given, which are necessary to improve the legislative as well as the regulatory mechanism of the housing industry in Pakistan.

Effect of Physical and Chemical Properties of Gray-Brown Soils Contaminated With Waste Aluminum Plant and Tube-Rolling Mill in Sumgait on Life Activity of Earthworms

Soil invertebrates are sensitive indicators of soil moisture. The occurrence of certain species can be an indicator of humidity or dryness of the habitat. Many researchers consider mesofauna to be one of the best bioindicators, since all actively moving species react to the slightest change in the environment by varying the number and violation of the ratios of trophic groups. To determine the main trends in soil dynamics using soil invertebrate gray-brown soils, such indicators as the quantitative ratio of individual groups, changes in the structure of the dominant representatives of the trophic structure, and distribution by soil profile are of primary importance. Special priority is given to studying the humus state of gray-brown soils associated with the pollution of natural biocenoses by technogenic waste.

Our Perspectives

Research and development in the last decades have led to a silicon process that has been expected to become inherently undependable in the near future when migrating towards new technologies. The special priority program (SPP) 1500 funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) in 2010–2016 and the Variability Expedition funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2010–2015 made a joint effort to explore design challenges of Power Consumption, Reliability, Interference, and Manufacturability under such a design requirement.

Defining Transmission System Operators’ Investment Shares for Phase-Shifting Transformers Used for Coordinated Redispatch

The implementation of network codes within the framework of European Transmission System Operators (TSOs), involves redesigning the process of executing remedial actions aimed at maintaining the power system on a daily basis. One of the key elements of this redesign is the co-optimisation of all accessible measures, bringing a cost-optimal result and providing network security for the entire Capacity Calculation Region (CCR). This specifically means that the currently installed Phase Shifting Transformers (PSTs) are expected to be utilised for the benefit of the whole CCR, with no special priority to any issues incurred by the owner. Therefore, this paper addresses any questions regarding the rules of financing (investment shares per TSO) to be applied for future PST installations. The investment shares are calculated based on the exemplary implementation of a new European procedure – cost-sharing of remedial actions. Consequently, another long-term application of this process is postulated. In order to support the claims with numerical evidence, two scenarios with new PST investments are analysed. The conclusions drawn show that the largest investment burden can be imposed upon zones different from the area of which the new PST installation has taken place. As a result, joint TSOs’ investments may be a potential solution to financing new devices used for future coordination of remedial actions.

15. Priorities

This chapter explores the issue of how property rights interact, and how conflicts between rights-holders are resolved. This is not a question of competing validity, but rather, of competing priorities. Understanding how priority rules operate is one of the most significant elements of land law. The chapter first explains the general priority rules for registered land. It then looks at the special priority rules in place for cases involving dispositions of registered land; for cases involving registered charges; and for cases involving first registrations. The chapter also considers some exceptional cases where these normal priority rules are supplanted by rules bespoke to particular scenarios. Here, it discusses priority searches; waiver and consent; the special rules relating to acquisition mortgages; the registration gap; overreaching; and subrogation. Finally, the chapter examines the consequences of a loss of priority.