The Development of Penal and Correctional Policy and its Impact on Probation Practices and Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
Helena Gosling ◽  
Lol Burke
Keyword(s):  
Correctional Policy

The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Crime and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis C. Pratt ◽  
Francis T. Cullen ◽  
Kristie R. Blevins ◽  
Leah Daigle ◽  
James D. Unnever
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Delinquent Behaviour ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Correctional Policy ◽  
Crime And Delinquency

In recent years, criminologists have begun to focus more closely on how certain biosocial and/or neuropsychological factors may influence criminal and delinquent behaviour. One factor that is emerging as a potentially important correlate of such behaviour is Attention Deficit — often combined with hyperactivity — Disorder (ADD and/or ADHD). The results of the growing body of empirical literature assessing this link are, however, inconsistent. The present study subjects this body of research to a ‘meta-analysis' — or, ‘quantitative synthesis' — to establish both the overall effect of ADHD on crime and delinquency and the degree to which this relationship is conditioned by methodological factors across empirical studies. The analyses reveal a fairly strong association between measures of ADHD and criminal/delinquent behaviour. Nevertheless, these effects are not invariant across certain salient methodological characteristics. The implications for criminological theory and correctional policy are discussed.

Drug Use in Prisoners

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Kinner ◽  
Josiah D. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Correctional Policy ◽  
Preventable Hospitalisation ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Increased Risk

Drug use and crime seem inextricably linked. Law enforcement responses to drug use tend to funnel people who use drugs into the criminal justice system rather than treatment, and those drug users who are imprisoned often have multiple, co-occurring mental health problems and/or suffer from infectious diseases including HIV, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis. Prisons provide a rare but regrettable opportunity to identify and respond to these needs, but correctional policies with respect to drug use and related harms often diverge from the evidence. Where such responses are evidence-based, they are rarely delivered at scale. Drug use in prison remains common and, in the absence of evidence-based harm reduction measures, is high risk. Relapse to drug use after release from prison is normative, such that incarceration can at best be conceived of as an interruption in drug use. People released from prison are at markedly increased risk of drug-related harms including fatal drug overdose and preventable hospitalisation, and are at increased risk of reincarceration. Greater investment in independent, rigorous research on the epidemiology of substance use and related harms in people who cycle through prisons, and a renewed commitment to aligning correctional policy and practice with the evidence, will have measurable benefits for public health, public safety, and the public purse.

Getting High After Getting Out: Understanding the Relationship Between Support, Stressors, and Drug Use Among Men and Women in Early Reentry

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1839-1864
Author(s):  
Amber D. Griffin ◽  
Melinda Tasca ◽  
Erin A. Orrick
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Violent Offender ◽  
Neighborhood Quality ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Correctional Policy ◽  
The Relationship

This study uses data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) to examine the effects of social support and stressors on self-reported illicit drug use among 1,074 recently released individuals (men = 874; women = 200). Three broad conclusions can be drawn from these findings: (a) Men were more likely than women to use drugs in the first 3 months following release from prison; (b) mental health and neighborhood quality were universal predictors of drug use in early reentry; and (c) social support, stressors, and individual and legal characteristics affected drug use for men and women differently. This work fills knowledge gaps related to the intersection of reentry, gender, and drug use within the context of correctional policy and practice.

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