Authoritarian populism and neo-extractivism in Bolivia and Ecuador: the unresolved agrarian question and the prospects for food sovereignty as counter-hegemony

Author(s):  
Mark Tilzey
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-253
Author(s):  
Thais Giselle Diniz Santos ◽  
Katya Regina Isaguirre-Torres

Este artigo resulta de pesquisa realizada no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento – PPGMADE/UFPR, a qual problematizou a relação entre questão agrária brasileira, trabalho rural e possíveis impactos de alterações do sistema de Previdência Social Especial Rural no Brasil (PSER). A partir do ponto de vista do trabalhador rural brasileiro, buscou-se compreender os impactos da PSER para o desenvolvimento no campo brasileiro, bem como sobre a soberania e segurança alimentar. A compreensão destes impactos propiciou a análise crítica da problemática. Tornou-se importante neste trabalho compreender os impactos socioeconômicos sobre o campo brasileiro das alterações propostas pela PEC n. 287/2016. Entre um dos principais resultados aponta-se que a problematização do trabalhador rural e da Previdência Social Especial Rural perpassa uma interpretação integrada de noções que partem da realidade social, por exemplo, soberania e segurança alimentar e a luta contra a desigualdade social e a exclusão dos povos rurais analisadas neste trabalho, enquanto potências transformadoras dos valores, modos e rumos de produção da vida em sociedade. Tais aspectos podem ser compreendidos como princípios ideológicos de uma movimentação una, forte e diversa com potencial para a construção de uma luta comum, rumo a outro paradigma de desenvolvimento, pautado na verdadeira inclusão e participação social, o qual, entretanto, está em constante construção, devendo ser continuamente reformulado, a fim de propiciar verdadeiro enfrentamento de forças que propiciam a desigualdade, exploração e injustiça. Neste esforço, considerando a complexidade e atualidade do assunto estudado, empregou-se a metodologia de revisão bibliográfica, de análise de dados e documentos. Abstract This article results from a research developed in the Postgraduate Program in Environment and Development – PPGMADE/UFPR, which problematized relation between Brazilian agrarian question, rural work and possible impacts of changes in the Special Rural Social Security system in the Brazil. From the Brazilian rural worker point of view, it was sought to understand the impacts of the Special Rural Social Security to the Brazilian countryside development, as well as on food sovereignty and security. It has become important in this work to understand the socioeconomic impacts on the Brazilian countryside through changes proposed by the PEC n. 287/2016. Among one of the main results, it is pointed out that the problematization of the rural worker and of the Special Rural Social Security is based on an integrated interpretation of notions that depart from social reality, for example, sovereignty and food security and the struggle against social inequality and exclusion of the rural peoples analyzed in this work, as transformative powers of the values, ways and routes of production of life in society. Such aspects can be understood as ideological principles of a strong and diverse movement with the potential to build a common struggle, towards another paradigm of development, based on a true inclusion and social participation, which, however, is constantly being constructed and must be continually reformulated in order to provide a real confrontation of forces that foster inequality, exploitation and injustice. In this effort, considering the complexity and timeliness of the subject studied, the methodology of bibliographic review, data analysis and documents were used.


Author(s):  
Lucas Henrique Pinto

El trabajo aborda el tema de la acción colectiva internacional desde el ascenso de las organizaciones del llamado tercer sector, hasta el (re)surgimiento de movimientos campesinos contrahegemónicos, que internacionalizan y ambientalizan su lucha a partir de la agroecología y los debates de la soberanía alimentaria y justicia ambiental. Estos debates serán ejemplificados a partir de tres organizaciones campesinas de Brasil, México y Argentina. Las mismas expresan los procesos de territorialización campesina y sus dinámicas en los tres países, además de un complejo acercamiento a las temáticas ambientales que propone un quiebre normativo en relación a la actuación de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONGs), fundaciones y organizaciones ambientalistas tradicionales. Si bien las organizaciones que buscaremos caracterizar en clave comparativa sean organizaciones novedosas en relación al movimiento campesino clásico, por adentrarse en problemáticas contemporáneas como la cuestión ambiental, democracia interna y la soberanía alimentaria; resignificando y ambientalizando a la cuestión agraria contemporánea; las mismas cuestionan al capitalismo y rescatan críticamente las experiencias de los movimientos sociales y sindical que las precedieron. Luego, las organizaciones campesinas estudiadas afirman en su existencia y base social algunas características que la Escuela de los Nuevos Movimientos Sociales tiende a negar frente su interpretación analítica de la acción colectiva internacional en la globalización y los sujetos sociales (tercer sector) que la misma privilegia en sus análisis. Abstract This research approaches the issue of the international collective action, from the rise of the third sector organizations to the resurgence of counter-hegemonic peasant movements that internationalize and “environmentalize” their struggle from the discussions of agroecology, food sovereignty and environmental justice. These discussions will be exemplified by three peasant organizations in Brazil, México and Argentina. The organizations above mentioned express the processes of peasant territorialization and their dynamics in the three countries, in addition to a complex approach to the environmental issues that proposes a normative break related to the actions of the traditional environmental NGO´s, foundations and organizations. The organizations that we characterize in comparative terms are innovatory in relation to the classic peasant movement, because they move further into contemporary issues such as environmental questions, internal democracy and food sovereignty; resignifying and “environmentalizing” the contemporary agrarian question. Also, these organizations confront capitalism and rescue, from a critical perspective, the experiences of the social and trade union movements that preceded them. Then, the peasant organizations studied in this work affirm in their existence and social base some characteristics that the School of New Social Movements tends to deny in its analytical interpretation of the international collective action in globalization and social subjects (third sector) that this School privileges in their analyzes.


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