Do trabalho para a EJA: práticas sociais e formação de professores no/do/para o campo

A atuação na Educação de Jovens e Adultos do campo pressupõe considerar os alunos que chegam à EJA como trabalhadores que lutam por uma vida digna, e carregam inúmeras experiências produzindo conhecimentos em cada prática social vivenciada. Deste modo, o trabalho no/do campo é uma temática fértil para ser considerada na formação de professores para a EJA. Neste artigo, assumimos as reflexões de Miguel Arroyo como referencial teórico para a formação de professores para a EJA e apresentamos a experiência pedagógica frente à disciplina de EJA em um curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo no Estado de Minas Gerais com o propósito de discutir a potencialidade do trabalho no/do campo, enquanto prática social para a prática pedagógica de futuros professores da EJA do campo. As informações provêm de 52 trabalhos finais da disciplina ao longo dos anos de 2019 e 2020. Podemos observar um grande número de práticas sociais emergentes dos contextos dos licenciandos, predominantemente do campo, com destaque para o cultivo e/ou produção de derivados da mandioca. Percebemos ainda a existência de conhecimentos matemáticos e científicos nestas práticas o que possibilitou aos licenciandos a proposição de aulas para contextos de EJA, utilizando-se da potencialidade da temática para um diálogo entre a atividade exercida pelos trabalhadores da EJA e os conhecimentos escolares. O trabalho no/do campo passa a ser assumido por estes licenciandos como locais de produção de conhecimentos, prática social, a qual seu modo de viver e sobreviver são aspectos estreitamente vinculados a um projeto de campo emancipatório.Palavras-chave: Trabalho enquanto prática social; Formação de professores para a EJA; Educação no/do campo.From work to EJA: social practices and teacher training in/of/for rural educationABSTRACTThe acting in the Youth and Adult Education presupposes considering the students who come to EJA as workers who fight for a dignified life and carry countless experiences producing knowledge in each social practice experienced. Thus, peasant work is a fertile topic to be considered in the training of teachers for EJA. In this article, we take Miguel Arroyo's reflections as a theoretical framework for teacher education for EJA and present the pedagogical experience facing the EJA discipline in a degree course in Rural Education in the State of Minas Gerais with the purpose of discussing the potential of rural work in/in, as a social practice for the pedagogical practice of future teachers of the EJA of the rural education. The information comes from the 52 course's final works throughout the years 2019 and 2020. We can observe a large number of social practices emerging from the contexts of the undergraduates, predominantly from the countryside, with an emphasis on the cultivation and/or production of cassava derivatives. We also noticed the existence of mathematical and scientific knowledge in these practices, which enabled the undergraduates to propose classes for EJA contexts, using the potential of the theme for a dialogue between the activity performed by EJA workers and school knowledge. Rurak Work in/the is assumed by these graduates as places of production of knowledge, a social practice to which their way of living and surviving are aspects closely linked to an emancipatory project.Keywords: Work as a social practice; Teacher training for EJA; Rural education.Del Trabajo a EJA: prácticas sociales y formación de profesores em/de/para el campoRESUMENLa actuación en la Educación de Jóvenes y adultos en el campo presupone considerar a los estudiantes que llegan a EJA como trabajadores que luchan por una vida digna y llevan innumerables experiencias productoras de conocimiento en cada práctica social vivida. Así, el trabajo en / en el campo es un tema fértil a ser considerado en la formación de docentes para EJA. En este artículo, tomamos las reflexiones de Miguel Arroyo como marco teórico para la formación de la maestria para EJA y presentamos la experiencia pedagógica que enfrenta la disciplina EJA en un curso de Grado en Educación Rural en el Estado de Minas Gerais con el propósito de discutir el potencial del trabajo en / en el campo, como una práctica social para la práctica pedagógica de futuros profesores de la EJA del campo. La información proviene de los trabajos finales de la disciplina durante los años 2019 y 2020. Podemos observar una gran cantidad de prácticas sociales que emergen de los contextos de los estudiantes, predominantemente del campo, con énfasis en el cultivo y / o producción de derivados de la yuca. También notamos la existencia de conocimientos matemáticos y científicos en estas prácticas, lo que permitió a los estudiantes de pregrado proponer clases para contextos EJA, utilizando el potencial de la temática para un diálogo entre la actividad realizada por los trabajadores de EJA y el conocimiento escolar. El trabajo en / en el campo es asumido por estos egresados como lugares de producción de conocimiento, una práctica social para la cual su forma de vivir y sobrevivir son aspectos muy ligados a un proyecto de campo emancipador. Palabras clave: Trabajo como práctica social; Formación de professores para EJA; Educación de campo.

Analysis of Agricultural and Rural Work in Changyi City.

Agriculture is the basic industry of economic and social development, and agricultural and rural work is an important work related to the safety of food rations, increasing farmers' income, improving living environment, inheriting Chinese culture and promoting social harmony and stability. Focusing on the agricultural and rural work in Changyi City, this paper systematically introduces the experience of agricultural and rural work in Changyi from four aspects: industrial "quality improvement", environmental "optimization", cultural "inheritance" and governance "standardization". And the future development of agricultural and rural work is prospected.

Exploring the sustaining factors that motivate nurses to work in the rural areas of Papua New Guinea

<p>Papua New Guinea is among other developing countries that are faced with a critical shortage in human resources in health, specifically nurses, and rural areas are the most affected. Initially, and perhaps unsurprisingly, there were only two relevant studies that directly related to Papua New Guinea in this area based on the literature search. The first of these two studies was focused on nurses and the social aspect of rural motivation compared to the other which was focused on rural health professionals in general. Nevertheless, other research studies were eventually found from other developing countries such as certain Pacific, African and Latin American countries that served to assist in focusing the research on the chosen topic. This descriptive-exploratory study set out to explore the sustaining factors that influenced existing nurses to remain (or otherwise) in their work in Papua New Guinea’s rural areas. As such, the study involves 10 rural nurses with over two years of rural work experience in two different organisations; government and church. The interviews were semi-structured and were designed to explore the motivating factors for rural nurses and how any challenges, or demotivating factors, were overcome. The interviews were conducted in the common spoken language Tok Pisin which was translated into English, transcribed and analysed thematically. Overall the study found that rural nurses are disadvantaged because they struggle with limited resources to deliver effective health care, and they also face several personal challenges which are often overlooked. The main findings are categorised under two major themes, 1) safety and 2) socioeconomic, and each are explored by further exploration of the themes and sub-themes that are evident in both. The implications of this study are examined, including recommendations, to develop policies that are designed to address the ongoing needs of rural nurses in Papua New Guinea.</p>

Exploring the sustaining factors that motivate nurses to work in the rural areas of Papua New Guinea

<p>Papua New Guinea is among other developing countries that are faced with a critical shortage in human resources in health, specifically nurses, and rural areas are the most affected. Initially, and perhaps unsurprisingly, there were only two relevant studies that directly related to Papua New Guinea in this area based on the literature search. The first of these two studies was focused on nurses and the social aspect of rural motivation compared to the other which was focused on rural health professionals in general. Nevertheless, other research studies were eventually found from other developing countries such as certain Pacific, African and Latin American countries that served to assist in focusing the research on the chosen topic. This descriptive-exploratory study set out to explore the sustaining factors that influenced existing nurses to remain (or otherwise) in their work in Papua New Guinea’s rural areas. As such, the study involves 10 rural nurses with over two years of rural work experience in two different organisations; government and church. The interviews were semi-structured and were designed to explore the motivating factors for rural nurses and how any challenges, or demotivating factors, were overcome. The interviews were conducted in the common spoken language Tok Pisin which was translated into English, transcribed and analysed thematically. Overall the study found that rural nurses are disadvantaged because they struggle with limited resources to deliver effective health care, and they also face several personal challenges which are often overlooked. The main findings are categorised under two major themes, 1) safety and 2) socioeconomic, and each are explored by further exploration of the themes and sub-themes that are evident in both. The implications of this study are examined, including recommendations, to develop policies that are designed to address the ongoing needs of rural nurses in Papua New Guinea.</p>

Problems Faced by Green Towns Based on the Rural Revitalization Strategy: Taking Qiaoshi Town as an Example

The rural revitalization strategy is the main strategy proposed by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The Central Rural Work Conference held at the end of 2020 emphasized that after the comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty, the focus of China’s work on the “three rural areas” had shifted historically, i.e., to comprehensively promote Rural revitalisation. The study of the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization in the new development stage is of great theoretical value and practical significance to the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country. The state has put forward new requirements of revitalization and construction of rural areas from top to bottom. This article briefly analyzes the problems faced by rural revival based on the perspective of ecological civilization. It takes Qiaoshi Town as an example to explain the main methods of promoting rural regeneration from the perspective of ecological civilization. I hope this article’s research content can bring certain value and enlightenment to the activation of rural ecosystems in various places.

Exploring domains of contemporary Australian agrarianism

The idealisation of rural work, people, and communities is remarkably persistent in Western countries. With the diminishing role of agriculture in national economies and changing values, this agrarian sentiment could be expected to lose currency. Yet, agrarian tropes and narratives remain evident in popular culture, political discourse, and public policy. Flinn and Johnson, in the 1970s, pioneered empirical studies of agrarianism based on a regionally specific and relatively small sample from which they identified five tenets of agrarianism. We sought to develop a survey instrument to explore whether changes in societal values, and in the structures and practices of agriculture, mean these tenets no longer hold. We find that, overall, many of the key elements identified by Flinn and Johnson are still evident. In addition, we have identified three domains of agrarianism: foundationalism, ruralism, and stewardship, that represent some of the historical diversity of agrarian themes and some accommodation with environmentalism.

Work safety applied in the rural environment: a review

This paper aims to present the difficulties encountered in complying with Regulatory Standard No 31 - Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Forestry and Aquaculture, in rural areas. The research was carried out through consultations in several scientific articles and was justified by the need to make field workers aware of the risks to which they are exposed, in the exercise of their activity. Through several studies that supported this work, it was possible to verify that the use of NR 31 is flawed, even with the scope and detail provided in its text. In the study it was found that, the rural work environment is worrying, due to the numerous risks that are present in the exercise of their activities and the disregard for non-compliance with NR-31. It is essential that government authorities, in addition to inspecting the faithful compliance with the standard, must carry out a work of awareness of workers and employers, aiming to provide an improvement in working conditions in the rural environment. The prioritization that should be given to awareness, education, training, and adequacy of working conditions becomes relevant, as a measure to prevent accidents and diseases in the agricultural sector.

DIVERSIDADE DE VÍNCULOS DE TRABALHO DE MULHERES NO CENSO AGROPECUÁRIO BRASILEIRO DE 2017

DIVERSITY OF WOMEN’S WORK IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL CENSUS 2017DIVERSIDAD DE VÍNCULOS LABORALES DE MUJERES EN EL CENSO AGRÍCOLA BRASILEÑO DE 2017RESUMOO objetivo do artigo é analisar as diversas formas de inserção das mulheres na estrutura ocupacional brasileira e suas transformações mais recentes, evidenciadas nos dados do Censo Agropecuário 2017. A metodologia consistiu na análise de dados censitários interpretados à luz de estudos de caso realizados no país. As principais conclusões mostram que, entre 2006 e 2017, houve importante redução de pessoas ocupadas na agricultura, com destaque para a menor participação de jovens e de mulheres em decorrência de processos de migração, de rejeição ao trabalho na agropecuária pelas dificuldades e pela penosidade e da decisão de obter outra formação. Mesmo assim, 75,8% da força de trabalho feminino concentra-se em estabelecimentos familiares. Independentemente do local onde trabalham, persistem estereótipos de gênero quanto ao trabalho de mulheres e de homens. Paralelamente, visualiza-se um movimento de mudança, com a tendência para uma maior escolarização e um maior engajamento das mulheres rurais.Palavras-chave: Ocupações; Empregos; Trabalho Rural; Trabalho Feminino.ABSTRACTThe objective of the article is to analyze the different forms of insertion of women in the Brazilian occupational structure and their most recent transformations, according to the Agricultural Census 2017. The methodology consisted of the analysis of Census data interpreted in the light of case studies carried out in the country. The main conclusions show that between 2006 and 2017 there was an important reduction in the number of people employed in agriculture, with emphasis on the lower participation of young people and women as a result of migration processes, rejection of work in agriculture due to difficulties and hardship and the decision to obtain another training. Even so, 75.8% of the female workforce is concentrated in family farms. Regardless of where they work, gender stereotypes regarding the work of women and men persist. At the same time, there is a movement of change with a trend towards a better schooling level and more engagement of the rural women. Keywords: Occupations; Jobs; Rural Work; Women's Work.RESUMENEl objetivo del artículo es analizar las diferentes formas de inserción de las mujeres en la estructura ocupacional brasileña y sus transformaciones más recientes, evidenciadas en datos del Censo Agropecuario 2017. La metodología consistió en el análisis de los datos censales interpretados a la luz de los estudios de caso realizados en el país. Las principales conclusiones muestran que, entre 2006 y 2017, hubo una reducción importante en el número de personas ocupadas en la agricultura, con énfasis en la menor participación de jóvenes y mujeres como consecuencia de los procesos migratorios, rechazo al trabajo en la agricultura por dificultades y penurias y decisión de recibir otra formación. Aun así, el 75,8% de la población activa femenina se concentra en establecimientos familiares. Independientemente del lugar donde trabajen, persisten los estereotipos de género sobre el trabajo de mujeres y hombres. Al mismo tiempo, se puede ver un movimiento de cambio con la tendencia a una mayor escolarización y participación de las mujeres rurales.Palabras clave: Ocupaciones; Trabajos; Trabajo Rural; Trabajo Femenino.

Relationship of rural work with gender and education level / Relação do trabalho rural com gênero e nível de escolaridade

The research analyzes the relationship between rural work gender and education level based on microdata from the Brazilian Federal Government's General Register of Employed and Unemployed. Using data from employment in the states of Ceará and São Paulo as a case study, the descriptive analysis from the demand curve confirms that male workers have higher average salary level than female workers, in rural areas and also in urban areas, regardless of schooling. The research used the calculation of the price elasticity of demand coefficient to capture the behavior of employment in response to wage variations and showed that for illiterate workers job is more stable in Ceará regardless of gender. On the other hand, for São Paulo illiterate workers have less job stability. For workers with incomplete elementary education, the demand for men and women is inelastic for both Ceará and São Paulo. The cross-elasticity coefficients showed that the higher the level of education, the lower the possibility of discrimination as both gender are considered substitute factors of production.