Technology in Copper Mines: A Report, 1602

ABSTRACT The Old Copper Complex (OCC) refers to the production of heavy copper-tool technology by Archaic Native American societies in the Lake Superior region. To better define the timing of the OCC, we evaluated 53 (eight new and 45 published) radiocarbon (14C) dates associated with copper artifacts and mines. We compared these dates to six lake sediment-based chronologies of copper mining and annealing in the Michigan Copper District. 14C dates grouped by archaeological context show that cremation remains, and wood and cordage embedded in copper artifacts have ages that overlap with the timing of high lead (Pb) concentrations in lake sediment. In contrast, dates in stratigraphic association and from mines are younger than those from embedded and cremation materials, suggesting that the former groups reflect the timing of processes that occurred post-abandonment. The comparatively young dates obtained from copper mines therefore likely reflect abandonment and infill of the mines rather than active use. Excluding three anomalously young samples, the ages of embedded organic material associated with 15 OCC copper artifacts range from 8500 to 3580 cal BP, confirming that the OCC is among the oldest known metalworking societies in the world.

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Cycles in Stone Mining and Copper Circulation in Europe 5500–2000 bc: A View from Space

European Journal of Archaeology ◽

10.1017/eaa.2020.56 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Peter Schauer ◽

Stephen Shennan ◽

Andrew Bevan ◽

Sue College ◽

Kevan Edinborough ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

General Pattern ◽

Exchange Networks ◽

Broad Perspective ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

Copper Mines ◽

The One ◽

Demographic Trajectories ◽

Additional Reference ◽

The Relationship

The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurement of high-quality stones (for axeheads, daggers, and other tools) on the one hand, and the early mining, crafting, and deposition of copper on the other. The data consist of radiocarbon dates for the exploitation of stone quarries, flint mines, and copper mines, and of information regarding the frequency through time of jade axeheads and copper artefacts. By adopting a broad perspective, spanning much of central-western Europe from 5500 to 2000 bc, they identify a general pattern in which the circulation of the first copper artefacts was associated with a decline in specialized stone quarrying. The latter re-emerged in certain regions when copper use decreased, before declining more permanently in the Bell Beaker phase, once copper became more generally available. Regional variations reflect the degrees of connectivity among overlapping copper exchange networks. The patterns revealed are in keeping with previous understandings, refine them through quantification and demonstrate their cyclical nature, with additional reference to likely local demographic trajectories.

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THE FREEZING OF INSECTS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent30287-11 ◽

1898 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 287-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Henry H. Lyman

Keyword(s):

Hudson's Bay Company ◽

Entomological Society ◽

North West ◽

Copper Mines ◽

Hudson’S Bay Company

In the 22nd Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, being that for 1891, there appeared a paper from my pen under the title “Can Insects Survive Freezing?”I have recently come across further records of observations upon this subject, and deem them of sufficient interest to be republished in the Canadian Entomologist.In looking over and interesting book of travels entitled “A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, undertaken by order of the Hudson's Bay Company for the discovery of copper mines, a north-west passage, etc., in the years 1769, 1770, 1771 and 1772, by Samuel Hearne,” published in 1796, I came across the following interesting notes on page 397

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Fragmentation calculation method for blast muck piles in open-pit copper mines based on three-dimensional laser point cloud data

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation ◽

10.1016/j.jag.2021.102338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 102338

Author(s):

Yongzhi Wang ◽

Wenlong Tu ◽

Hui Li

Keyword(s):

Calculation Method ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Open Pit ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Copper Mines

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Reclassification of Haloactinobacterium glacieicola as Occultella glacieicola gen. nov., comb. nov., of Haloactinobacterium album as Ruania alba comb. nov, with an emended description of the genus Ruania, recognition that the genus names Haloactinobacterium and Ruania are heterotypic synonyms and description of Occultella aeris sp. nov., a halotolerant isolate from surface soil sampled at an ancient copper smelter

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijsem.0.004769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Peter Schumann ◽

Franziska Kalensee ◽

Jialan Cao ◽

Alexis Criscuolo ◽

Dominique Clermont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Type Species ◽

Copper Smelter ◽

Amino Acid Identity ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

Average Amino Acid Identity ◽

The Family ◽

Emended Description ◽

Copper Mines

In the course of screening the surface soils of ancient copper mines and smelters (East Harz, Germany) an aerobic, non-motile and halotolerant actinobacterium forming small rods or cocci was isolated. The strain designated F300T developed creamy to yellow colonies on tryptone soy agar and grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7–8 and with 0.5–2 % (m/v) NaCl. Its peptidoglycan was of type A4α l-Lys–l-Glu (A11.54). The menaquinone profile was dominated by MK-8(II, III-H4) and contained minor amounts of MK-8(H2), MK-8(H6) and MK-9(H4). The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, mono and diacylated phosphatidylinositol dimannosides, and components that were not fully characterized, including two phospholipids, two glycolipids and an uncharacterized lipid. Major whole-cell sugars were rhamnose and ribose. The fatty acid profile contained mainly iso and anteiso branched fatty acids (anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0) and aldehydes/dimethylacetals (i.e. not fatty acids). Sequence analysis of its genomic DNA and subsequent analysis of the data placed the isolate in the group currently defined by members of the genera Ruania and Haloactinobacterium (family Ruaniaceae , order Micrococcales ) as a sister taxon to the previously described species Haloactinobacterium glacieicola , sharing an average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values of 85.3 and 85.7 %, respectively. Genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses support the view that strain F300T (=DSM 108350T=CIP 111667T) is the type strain of a new genus and new species for which the name Occultella aeris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Based on revised chemotaxonomic and additional genome based data, it is necessary to discuss and evaluate the results in the light of the classification and nomenclature of members of the family Ruaniaceae , i.e. the genera Haloactinobacterium and Ruania . Consequently, the reclassification of Haloactinobacterium glacieicola as Occultella glacieicola comb. nov. and Haloactinobacterium album as Ruania alba comb. nov., with an emended description of the genus Ruania are proposed.

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