Filling State Deficiencies at the Grass Roots Association for Environmental Conservation and Social Progress:

In unequal societies, the rich may benefit from shaping economic institutions in their favor. This paper analyzes the dynamics of institutional subversion by focusing on public protection of property rights. If this institution functions imperfectly, agents have incentives to invest in private protection of property rights. The ability to maintain private protection systems makes the rich natural opponents of public protection of property rights and precludes grass-roots demand to drive the development of the market-friendly institution. The economy becomes stuck in a bad equilibrium with low growth rates, high inequality of income, and wide-spread rent-seeking. The Russian oligarchs of the 1990s, who controlled large stakes of newly privatized property, provide motivation for this paper.

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Thomas Reid on the Improvement of Knowledge

Journal of Scottish Philosophy ◽

10.3366/jsp.2019.0232 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 125-139

Author(s):

Christopher A. Shrock

Keyword(s):

Natural Philosophy ◽

Social Progress ◽

Francis Bacon ◽

Thomas Kuhn ◽

Traditional Religion ◽

Scottish Enlightenment ◽

Thomas Reid ◽

Isaac Newton ◽

Religion And Ethics ◽

Compare And Contrast

Thomas Reid often seems distant from other Scottish Enlightenment figures. While Hume, Hutcheson, Kames, and Smith wrestled with the nature of social progress, Reid was busy with natural philosophy and epistemology, stubbornly loyal to traditional religion and ethics, and out of touch with the heart of his own intellectual world. Or was he? I contend that Reid not only engaged the Scottish Enlightenment's concern for improvement, but, as a leading interpreter of Isaac Newton and Francis Bacon, he also developed a scheme to explain the progress of human knowledge. Pulling thoughts from across Reid's corpus, I identify four key features that Reid uses to distinguish mature sciences from prescientific arts and inquiries. Then, I compare and contrast this scheme with that of Thomas Kuhn in order to highlight the plausibility and originality of Reid's work.

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CONVERTING THE VEHICLE BY REPLACING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny ◽

10.33868/0365-8392-2019-4-260-29-35 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

Oleksandr Gryshchuk ◽

Volodymyr Hladchenko ◽

Uriy Overchenko

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Sales Forecasts ◽

Financial Investments ◽

Near Future

This article looks at some comparative statistics on the development and use of electric vehicles (hereinafter referred to as EM) as an example of sales and future sales forecasts for EM in countries that focus on environmental conservation. Examples of financial investments already underway and to be made in the near future by the largest automakers in the development and distribution of EM in the world are given. Steps are taken to improve the environmental situation in countries (for example, the prohibition of entry into the city center), the scientific and applied problem of improving the energy efficiency and environmental safety of the operation of wheeled vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the CTE). The basic and more widespread schemes of conversion of the internal combustion engine car (hereinafter -ICE) to the electric motor car (by replacing the gasoline or diesel electric motor), as well as the main requirements that must be observed for the safe use and operation of the electric vehicle. The problem is solved by justifying the feasibility of re-equipment of the KTZ by replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. On the basis of the statistics collected by the State Automobile Transit Research Institute on the number of issued conclusions of scientific and technical expertise regarding the approval of the possibility of conversion of a car with an internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel) to a car with an electric motor (electric vehicle), the conclusions on the feasibility of such conclusion were made. Keywords: electricvehicles, ecological safety, electricmotor, statistics provided, car, vehicle by replacing.

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