The social cost of contacts: Theory and evidence for the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

Building on the epidemiological SIR model, we present an economic model with heterogeneous individuals deriving utility from social contacts creating infection risks. Focusing on social distancing of individuals susceptible to an infection we theoretically characterize the gap between private and social cost of contacts. Our main contribution is to quantify this gap by calibrating the model with unique survey data from Germany on social distancing and impure altruism from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The optimal policy is to drastically reduce contacts at the beginning to almost eradicate the epidemic and keep them at levels that contain the pandemic at a low prevalence level. We find that also in laissez faire, private protection efforts by forward-looking, risk averse individuals would have stabilized the epidemic, but at a much higher prevalence of infection than optimal. Altruistic motives increase individual protection efforts, but a substantial gap to the social optimum remains.

Determinants of Demand for Private Long-Term Care Insurance (Empirical Evidence from Poland)

The main aim of the article is to evaluate determinants of demand for private long-term care insurance in Poland. Since this type of insurance is not (yet) offered on the market, the demand was examined through a survey in which respondents declared their willingness to purchase it. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that Poles declare a high propensity for private protection in the event of dependence. The vast majority (almost two-thirds) of the respondents were interested in purchasing long-term care insurance, while only one in sixteen respondents showed no such interest. Factors that predominantly determine the willingness to buy are as follows: individual foresight, knowledge about the costs of long-term care, preferences regarding methods of financing care, having children, and the level of education.

COMPLETE SYSTEM LAW REGISTRATION LAWS (PTSL) AS AN EFFECTIVENESS AND PRIVATE PROTECTION PRIVATE LAW PRIVATE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL OF PRASUNG SIDOARJO VILLAGE

Legal certainty in land ownership is proof of physical and non-physical ownership of land rights. The ownership of the certificate does not merely fulfill administrative requirements, and only formal evidence. The certificate as a proof of rights that acts as a strong proof of physical data and juridical data contained in it, as long as the physical data and juridical data are in accordance with the data in the relevant land certificate and land book. In general, the amount of land owned by the people of Prasung Village, Buduran District, Sidoarjo Regency, both for agriculture and for settlements is still not certified. Legal counseling on land registration is very important because the natural potential and the development of such a large industry will be even more optimal if the community land is certified. This legal education is very necessary to be made so that people become aware of the importance of ownership of land certificates especially the use of land in the village of Prasung is partly used for tourist areas, plantation land, agriculture, settlements and public facilities. The response of the people of Prasung Village, Buduran Subdistrict was very positive and enthusiastic. The community hopes that things which become obstacles in registering land can be overcome.