The Authoritarian Response: The French Revolution and the Enlightenment

2014 ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Ludmilla Jordanova
Author(s):  
Viriato Soromenho-Marques ◽  

In this paper the philosophical foundations of the first Portuguese Constitution are submitted to critical analysis. Drafted in the aftermath of the 1820 Revolution, the Constitution of 1822 is deeply determined by contradictory tensions and forces. We may see in it the trace of the freedom trends developed in the Enlightenment period and led to practical terms in the dramatic battleground of the French Revolution. Nevertheless, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822 reflect also the energetic resistance from the conservative sectors and values of the Portuguese society and also the coming influence of the Restoration Age political philosophy, aimed to fight the rationalistic paradigm of natural right constitutional theories.


2021 ◽  
pp. 7-65
Author(s):  
John Skorupski

Two great revolutions set the stage for late modern ethics: the French Revolution and the philosophical revolution of Kant. This chapter studies the events and conflicts of ideas in the French Revolution and its aftermath in France. It gives a narrative account of the Revolution from 1789 to 1804. Three broad ethical stances are distinguished: the feudal-Catholic ethic of the monarch and his allies, the impartial individualism of the Enlightenment, and the Rousseauian radical-democracy of the Jacobins. Under the violent political conflicts between these views lies a resilient philosophical conflict: between impartial individualism and a generic stance which this study identifies as ‘eudaimonistic holism’. The feudal-Catholic ethic and radical-democracy are two very different forms of it. Hegelian ethics will turn out to be a third.


Author(s):  
Gianfranco Petronio

POR - ResumoNeste ensaio, que tem como objeto a análise da parábola transformativa concernente à universidade, da sua fundação medieval aos dias atuais, focalizam-se eventos centrais que predominantemente a determinaram, ou seja, as mudanças culturais e político-sociais, que, advindas com a Modernidade do século XVI, afirmaram-se com a difusão do iluminismo e se concretizaram com a Revolução Francesa, íntima e radicalmente, modificando os paradigmas de poder. Essa “revolução” não poderia não capitalizar também destinatários, escopos e valores da instrução superior, provocando nela uma reforma integral e substancial, sobre a qual destacam-se, principalmente, alguns imprevistos e resultantes paradoxais que estão, contemporaneamente, na base de críticas relevantes, voltadas à universidade moderna. POR - Palavras-chave: Universidade. Liberdade. Criatividade. Estado.ITA - La parabola dell’università: dalla disciplina dell’obbedienza alla codificazione della libertàITA - RiassuntoNell’analisi della parabola trasformativa che ha interessato le università, dalla fondazione medievale fino ad oggi, sono focalizzati gli eventi centrali che l’hanno maggiormente determinata, ossia i cambiamenti prima culturali poi politici e sociali che avviati con il sorgere della modernità (XVI secolo) si sono affermati con la diffusione dell’Illuminismo e si sono infine concretizzati con la Rivoluzione francese, e hanno intimamente e radicalmente mutato i paradigmi del potere. Questa “rivoluzione” non poteva non investire anche destinatari, scopi e valori dell’istruzione superiore, provocandone un’integrale e sostanziale riforma di cui vengono principalmente sottolineati alcuni imprevisti e paradossali risultati che oggi probabilmente sono alla base di alcune importanti criticità che interessano l’università moderna.ITA - Parole chiave: Universitá. Libertá. Creativitá. Stato.ENG - The parable of the university: the discipline of obedience to coding of freedomENG - AbstractIn the analysis of the transformative parable that has concerned the university, from the medieval foundation until now, and focused on the central events that have most determined them, i.e., the cultural and social-political changes that started with the rise of modernity (XVI century), have emerged with the spread of the Enlightenment and were finally materialized with the French Revolution, and have deeply and radically changed the paradigms of power. This “revolution” could not invest recipients, purposes and values of higher education, causing an integral and substantial reform, on which we highlight some unexpected and paradoxical results that today are probably the base of some important critical issues directed to the modern university.ENG - Keywords: University. Freedom. Creativity. State.SPA - La parábola de la universidad: La disciplina de obediencia a codificación de la libertadSPA - ResumenEn el análisis de la parábola de transformación que ha afectado a la universidad, desde la fundación medieval hasta ahora, se han centrado en los acontecimientos centrales que más han determinado, es decir, los cambios antes de esa política cultural y social que comenzó con el surgimiento de la modernidad (siglo XVI) han surgido con la difusión del Iluminismo y fueron finalmente materializado con la Revolución Francesa, y han cambiado profundamente y radicalmente los paradigmas de poder. Esta “revolución” no podía también invertir a los destinatarios, objetivos y valores de la educación superior, causando una reforma integral y sustancial es destacado principalmente algunos resultados inesperados y paradójicos que hoy son probablemente la base de algunas cuestiones críticas importantes que afectan a la universidad moderna.SPA - Palabras clave: Universidad. Libertad. Creatividad. Estado.


Author(s):  
Klaus Ries

This chapter challenges the widespread assumption that terrorist ideology was invented in the mid-nineteenth century by such figures as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin. Instead, the chapter argues, the foundations of terrorism were laid at the end of the eighteenth century by the Enlightenment philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and his disciples, who in turn exerted a strong influence on later radical thinkers. In showing how the intellectual reverberations of the French Revolution gave rise to anarchist ideology as well as acts of terrorism in Germany, the chapter traces a link between the state terror of the French Revolution and the emergence of insurgent terrorism.


2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Michael Printy

More than a century ago, the German Catholic historian Sebastian Merkle made the case for a specifically Catholic engagement with the Enlightenment. His audience was largely Protestant academics, who assumed that Protestantism and modernity went hand in hand. But Merkle also refuted wholesale condemnations of the Enlightenment by conservative Catholics, who blamed the movement for the ills that had beset the Church since the French Revolution and which were at the root of the liberal attack on Catholicism up through the Kulturkampf. Merkle insisted that a moderate and constructive Catholic Enlightenment had embraced some aspects of modernity, and that it was important to acknowledge this historical reality in order to fully bring the Church into the modern age.


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