Variation of female pronucleus reveal oocyte or embryo abnormality: An expert experience deep learning of non-dark box analysis

Background: Pronuclear assessment appears to have the ability to distinguish good and bad embryos in the zygote stage,but paradoxical results were obtained in clinical studies.This situation might be caused by the robust qualitative detection of the development of dynamic pronuclei. Here,we aim to establish a quantitative pronuclear measurement method by applying expert experience deep learning from large annotated datasets. Methods: Convinced handle-annotated 2PN images(13419) were used for deep learning then corresponded errors were recorded through handle check for subsequent parameters adjusting. We used 790 embryos with 52479 PN images from 155 patients for analysis the area of pronuclei and the preimplantation genetic test results.Establishment of the exponential fitting equation and the key coefficient β1 was extracted from the model for quantitative analysis for pronuclear(PN) annotation and automatic recognition. Findings: Based on the female original PN coefficient β1,the chromosome normal rate in the blastocyst with biggest PN area is much higher than that of the blastocyst with smallest PN area(58.06% vs.45.16%, OR=1.68[1.07-2.64];P=0.031).After adjusting coefficient β1 by the first three frames which high variance of outlier PN areas was removed, coefficient β1 at 12 hours and at 14 hours post-insemination,similar but stronger evidence was obtained. All these discrepancies resulted from the female propositus in the PGT(SR) subgroup and smaller chromosomal errors. Conclusion(s): The results suggest that detailed analysis of the images of embryos could improve our understanding of developmental biology. Funding: None

Leading order corrections to the quantum extremal surface prescription

We show that a naïve application of the quantum extremal surface (QES) prescription can lead to paradoxical results and must be corrected at leading order. The corrections arise when there is a second QES (with strictly larger generalized entropy at leading order than the minimal QES), together with a large amount of highly incompressible bulk entropy between the two surfaces. We trace the source of the corrections to a failure of the assumptions used in the replica trick derivation of the QES prescription, and show that a more careful derivation correctly computes the corrections. Using tools from one-shot quantum Shannon theory (smooth min- and max-entropies), we generalize these results to a set of refined conditions that determine whether the QES prescription holds. We find similar refinements to the conditions needed for entanglement wedge reconstruction (EWR), and show how EWR can be reinterpreted as the task of one-shot quantum state merging (using zero-bits rather than classical bits), a task gravity is able to achieve optimally efficiently.

Reasoning with Ambiguity

We treat the problem of reasoning with ambiguous propositions. Even though ambiguity is obviously problematic for reasoning, it is no less obvious that ambiguous propositions entail other propositions (both ambiguous and unambiguous), and are entailed by other propositions. This article gives a formal analysis of the underlying mechanisms, both from an algebraic and a logical point of view. The main result can be summarized as follows: sound (and complete) reasoning with ambiguity requires a distinction between equivalence on the one and congruence on the other side: the fact that $$\alpha $$ α entails $$\beta $$ β does not imply $$\beta $$ β can be substituted for $$\alpha $$ α in all contexts preserving truth. Without this distinction, we will always run into paradoxical results. We present the (cut-free) sequent calculus $$\mathsf {AL}^{\textit{cf}}$$ AL cf , which we conjecture implements sound and complete propositional reasoning with ambiguity, and provide it with a language-theoretic semantics, where letters represent unambiguous meanings and concatenation represents ambiguity.

Two seemingly paradoxical results in linear models: the variance inflation factor and the analysis of covariance

A result from a standard linear model course is that the variance of the ordinary least squares (OLS) coefficient of a variable will never decrease when including additional covariates into the regression. The variance inflation factor (VIF) measures the increase of the variance. Another result from a standard linear model or experimental design course is that including additional covariates in a linear model of the outcome on the treatment indicator will never increase the variance of the OLS coefficient of the treatment at least asymptotically. This technique is called the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), which is often used to improve the efficiency of treatment effect estimation. So we have two paradoxical results: adding covariates never decreases the variance in the first result but never increases the variance in the second result. In fact, these two results are derived under different assumptions. More precisely, the VIF result conditions on the treatment indicators but the ANCOVA result averages over them. Comparing the estimators with and without adjusting for additional covariates in a completely randomized experiment, I show that the former has smaller variance averaging over the treatment indicators, and the latter has smaller variance at the cost of a larger bias conditioning on the treatment indicators. Therefore, there is no real paradox.

Histological types of polyps in large intestine biopsies; a single center experience

Introduction: Large intestine cancer is considered as one of the prevalent cancers among societies. Histological studies have shown that cancers in large intestine often originate from polyps from internal layer of the intestinal epithelial tissue. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the types of polyps in large intestine biopsies in patients referring to Al-Zahra hospital in Iran. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on patients undergoing colonoscopy in 2014-2019. Characteristics of polyps were noted based on reports of colonoscopy and pathology. Results: In this study, 372 biopsies from patients aged between 10-96 years were analyzed. No significant difference was observed between two genders regarding location, size, histology, and morphology of polyps (P > 0.05). Adenomatous epithelial polyps are the most common types in all ages). Further analysis showed that most of the discovered polyps (23.3%) were in transverse colon. Conclusion: Adenomatous epithelial polyps are more frequent in patients because most of the discovered polyps were in transverse colon and most of them were adenomatous epithelial. These data were in line with the most of previous studies; however some paradoxical results were reported. More studies on larger populations should be performed.

Aβ-Induced Damage Memory in hCMEC/D3 Cell Mediated by Sirtuin-1

Background: It is well accepted that accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) may involve in endothelial dysfunction during the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. However, anti-Aβ antibodies, which remove Aβ plaques, do not improve cerebrovascular function in AD animal models. The reasons for these paradoxical results still remain to be further investigated. We hypothesize that Aβexposure may cause persistent damage to cerebral endothelial cell even after Aβ is removed (termed as cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory). The aim of this study is to investigate whether cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory exists in endothelial cells. Method: The hCMEC/D3 cells are treated with Aβ1-42 for 12h and then withdraw Aβ1-42 for another 12h incubation to investigate whether cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory exists in endothelial cells. A mechanism based kinetics progression model is developed to investigate the dynamic characters of the cerebrovascular endothelial damage. Results: After Aβ1-42 was removed, the level of sirt-1 recovered but the cell vitality did not improved which suggested that the cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory may exist in endothelial cells. Sirt-1 activator SRT2104 and NAD+ supplement may relieve the cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory dose dependently. sirt-1 inhibitor EX527 may exacerbate the cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory. Kinetics analysis suggested that sirt-1 involves in initiating the cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory otherwise NAD+ exhaustion plays a vital role in maintaining the cerebrovascular endothelial damage memory. Conclusions: This study provides a novel feature of cerebrovascular endothelial damage induced by Aβ.

Lack of Statutory Foundation, Vagueness, and Violation of the Rule of Lenity of California Second Degree Felony Murder

Restrictions recently imposed by law on the application of felony murder in CaliforniaSenate Bill n. 1437 amending Sections 188 and 189 of, and adding Section 1170.95 to, the Penal Code. and a judgment of a split California Court of Appeal rejecting the claim that the second-degree felony murder provision is unconstitutionally vagueCal. 4th App. Dist. April 30, 2019, see note 74. offer the occasion to analyze the Californian second degree murder. Second degree Felony murder in California, which is not spelled out by statute, relies on the jurisprudential construction of an “inherently dangerous felony”. According to the California Supreme Court, this criterion was conceived to accompany its overall aim of deterrence as well as function as a limitation on the application of felony murder itself. The purpose of this article is to highlight how the jurisprudential reconstruction of “inherently dangerous felonies” does not present a suitable criterion for determining whether second degree murder has taken place. While calling into play the goal of deterrence may bring forth paradoxical results, the “inherently dangerous felony,” upon which second degree felony murder relies, represents a double-edged sword. In fact, this article argues that it expands, rather than restricts, the application of felony murder, also posing several constitutional concerns. It follows that, since the “inherently dangerous” category acts as the essential base upon which second degree felony murder stands, the “crumbling” of the one should lead to the fall of the other.

Market, science and higher education in American universities. Review of R Geiger’s book “Knowledge and money”

The article considers the problem of the influence of market principles on the fields of science and higher education on a material provided by the United States’ experience in the commercialization of education, which is reflected in R. Geiger’s book “Knowledge and Money”. Geiger emphasizes that the extension of market principles to the academia leads to paradoxical results: increased funding and the quality of the student audience while reducing the enlightening and cultural functions of the university. The book sequentially explores the main aspects of this paradox, as well as its historical dynamics and the causes of it. The concluding part of the article briefly substantiates the relevance of the research conducted in the book in the Russian context of educational reforms, which include a significant expansion of the commercial sector in universities.