Central purchasing bodies (and other forms of joint procurement) – Belgium

This chapter focuses on defence transformations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary since the end of the cold war. The three lesser powers of Central Europe all eventually joined NATO and the European Union, following the fall of the Iron Curtain. The process they underwent completely transformed their security strategies and military doctrines, but the plans to transform their military forces have developed slowly, and the actual process has been interrupted and incomplete. This chapter addresses the development of civil–military relations, the main milestones in the development of the respective states’ national security policies, and the main changes in the structure of military forces in each of these countries. Finally, the chapter looks at the nascent trends towards military cooperation between the three countries, including military sharing and joint procurement.

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Considerations for Temporomandibular Joint Procurement in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery ◽

10.1097/scs.0000000000004710 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 1742-1746

Author(s):

Nima Khavanin ◽

Edward H. Davidson ◽

Ryan M. Smith ◽

Alexandra Macmillan ◽

Patrick Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporomandibular Joint ◽

Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation ◽

Joint Procurement

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A Scenario-oriented Approach for Energy-Reserve Joint Procurement and Pricing

10.1109/pesgm46819.2021.9637962 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jiantao Shi ◽

Ye Guo ◽

Lang Tong ◽

Wenchuan Wu ◽

Hongbin Sun

Keyword(s):

Energy Reserve ◽

Joint Procurement ◽

Oriented Approach

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The Role of the Joint Procurement Agreement during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessing Its Usefulness and Discussing Its Potential to Support a European Health Union

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3724639 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emma McEvoy ◽

Delia Ferri

Keyword(s):

Joint Procurement ◽

European Health

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PERMANENT STRUCTURED CO-OPERATION KEY FACTOR FOR SECURITY AND DEFENSE IN THE EU

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij26061771h ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1771-1776

Author(s):

Neno Hristov Hristov

Keyword(s):

Joint Action ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Military Cooperation ◽

Joint Development ◽

Joint Procurement ◽

Key Factor ◽

World Class ◽

The Republic ◽

Military Structure ◽

The Eu

Permanent defense co-operation is a whole new policy that became possible in 2009. It was excluded from the areas of joint action in the EU after the prolonged and destructive war resulting from the negotiation of a new Europe. PESCO aims to create the modern capabilities of the EU rather than grouping or uniting outdated capabilities. By implementing modern projects, it will be possible to create battle platforms and capabilities that are world-class. The Republic of Bulgaria joined the new Permanent Structured Co-operation (PESCO) - a permanent EU military structure related to the implementation of military cooperation for joint development of armaments and proclamation of joint procurement for the modernization of the army equipment, as well as participation in joint exercises of the armed forces.

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The European framework for intellectual property rights for biological medicines

Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal ◽

10.5639/gabij.2021.1004.022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 172-183

Author(s):

Josette Sciberras ◽

Raymond Zammit ◽

Patricia Vella Bonanno

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Market Access ◽

Access To Medicines ◽

Marketing Authorization ◽

Joint Procurement ◽

Europe 2020 ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Biological Market ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Introduction: The Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe (2020) proposes actions related to intellectual property (IP) rights as a means of ensuring patients’ access to medicines. This review aims to describe and discuss the European IP framework and its impact on accessibility of biological medicines and makes some recommendations. Methods: A non-systematic literature review on IP for biological medicines was conducted. Data on authorizations and patent and exclusivity expiry dates of biological medicines obtained from the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) website and literature was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The analysis showed that as at end July 2021, 1,238 medicines were authorized in Europe, of which 332 (26.8%) were biological medicines. There were only 55 biosimilars for 17 unique biologicals. There is an increasing trend in biological authorizations but signifi cant delays in submission of applications for marketing authorization of biosimilars, with no signifi cant diff erences in the time for assessment for marketing authorization between originator biologicals and biosimilars. For some of the more recent biosimilars, applications for authorization were submitted prior to patent and exclusivity expiry. COVID vaccines confi rmed the impact of knowledge transfer on accessibility, especially when linked to joint procurement. Discussion: IP protects originator products and impacts the development of biosimilars. Strategies to improve competition in the EU biological market are discussed. Pricing policies alone do not increase biosimilar uptake since patients are switched to second generation products. Evergreening strategies might be abusing the IP framework, and together with trade secrets and disproportionate prices compared to R & D and manufacturing costs lead to an imbalance between market access and innovation. Conclusion: The European Pharmaceutical Strategy should focus on IP initiatives that support earlier authorization of biosimilars of new biologicals. Recommendations include knowledge sharing, simplifi cation of the regulatory framework and transparency of prices and R & D costs.

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