Preliminary macroseismic survey of the 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence

After the recent destructive L’Aquila 2009 and Emilia-Romagna 2012 earthquakes, a sudden Mw 6.0 seismic event hit Central Italy on August 24, 2016. A low population density characterizes the area but, due to its nighttime occurrence, about 300 victims were registered. This work presents the first preliminary results of a macroseismic survey conducted by two teams of the University of Padova in the territories that suffered major damages. Macroseismic intensities were assessed according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98) for 180 sites.

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Analysis of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake macroseismic data

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-7208 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

Author(s):

Lorenzo Hofer ◽

Mariano Angelo Zanini ◽

Flora Faleschini

Keyword(s):

Critical Analysis ◽

Seismic Event ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Central Italy ◽

Macroseismic Data ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Macroseismic Scale ◽

The University ◽

2016 Amatrice Earthquake ◽

Macroseismic Survey

On August 24, 2016, a sudden MW 6.0 seismic event hit Central Italy, causing 298 victims and significant damage to residential buildings and cultural heritage. In the days following the mainshock, a macroseismic survey was conducted by teams of the University of Padova, according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98). In this contribution, a critical analysis of the collected macroseismic data is presented and some comparisons were performed with the recent 2012 Emilia sequence.

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Investigation on damage progression during the 2016–2017 seismic sequence in Central Italy using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98)

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10518-019-00645-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 5535-5558 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. Graziani ◽

S. del Mese ◽

A. Tertulliani ◽

L. Arcoraci ◽

A. Maramai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Italy ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Damage Progression ◽

Macroseismic Scale

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Mainshock Anticipated by Intra-Sequence Ground Deformations: Insights from Multiscale Field and SAR Interferometric Measurements

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences10050186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesco Brozzetti ◽

Alessandro Cesare Mondini ◽

Cristina Pauselli ◽

Paolo Mancinelli ◽

Daniele Cirillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seismic Event ◽

Hanging Wall ◽

Central Italy ◽

Coseismic Deformation ◽

Scaling Functions ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Field Sampling ◽

Surface Rupture ◽

Rupture Length ◽

Ground Deformations

The 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence was characterized by two main events: 24 August, Mw 6, and 30 October, Mw 6.5. We carried out high-resolution field sampling and DInSAR analysis of the coseismic and intra-sequence ground deformations along the Mt Vettore-Mt Bove causative fault (VBF). We found that during the intra-sequence period (24 August–30 October), the ground experienced some deformations whose final patterns seemed to be retraced and amplified by the following mainshock. We interpreted that (i) immediately after the 24 August earthquake, the deformation observed in the southern VBF expanded northwards and westwards over a Length of Deforming Ground (LDG) ranging between 28.7 and 36.3 km, and (ii) it extended to the whole portion of the hanging wall that was later affected by mainshock coseismic deformation. Assuming the LDG to be an indicator for an expected (=coseismic) surface rupture length and using known scaling functions, we obtained 6.4 ≤ Mw ≤ 6.7 for a possible incoming earthquake, which is consistent with the mainshock magnitude. We suggest that the evolution of the ground deformations after a significant seismic event might provide insights on the occurrence of new earthquakes with magnitudes comparable to or larger than the former.

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The Emilia 2012 sequence: a macroseismic survey

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-6140 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Tertulliani ◽

Luca Arcoraci ◽

Michele Berardi ◽

Filippo Bernardini ◽

Beatriz Brizuela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Time ◽

Seismic Activity ◽

Central Italy ◽

Seismic Network ◽

Rupture Zone ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Southern Germany ◽

Po Valley ◽

South Eastern ◽

Macroseismic Survey

On May 20, 2012, at 4:03 local time (2:03 UTC), a large part of the Po Valley between the cities of Ferrara, Modena and Mantova was struck by a damaging earthquake (Ml 5.9). The epicenter was located by the Istituto Nazionale di Geo-fisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) seismic network [ISIDe 2010] at 44.889 ˚N and 11.228 ˚E, approximately 30 km west of Ferrara (Figure 1). The event was preceded by a foreshock that occurred at 01:13 local time, with a magnitude of Ml 4. The mainshock started an intense seismic sequence that lasted for weeks, counting more than 2,000 events, six of which had Ml >5. The strongest earthquakes of this sequence occurred on May 29, 2012, with Ml 5.8 and Ml 5.3, recorded at 9:00 and 12:55 local time, respectively. The epicenters of the May 29, 2012, events were located at the westernmost part of the rupture zone of the May 20, 2012, earthquake (Figure 2). The May 20 and 29, 2012, earthquakes were felt through the whole of northern and central Italy, and as far as Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, south-eastern France and southern Germany. Historical information reveals that the seismic activity in the Po Valley is moderate […]

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Failure Analysis of Apennine Masonry Churches Severely Damaged during the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings11020058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francesco Clementi

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Central Italy ◽

Numerical Data ◽

Sensitivity Study ◽

Nonlinear Material ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Nonlinear Approach ◽

Nonlinear Static ◽

Masonry Churches ◽

Global And Local

This paper presents a detailed study of the damages and collapses suffered by various masonry churches in the aftermath of the seismic sequence of Central Italy in 2016. The damages will first be analyzed and then compared with the numerical data obtained through 3D simulations with eigenfrequency and then nonlinear static analyses (i.e., pushover). The main purposes of this study are: (i) to create an adequately consistent sensitivity study on several definite case studies to obtain an insight into the role played by geometry—which is always unique when referred to churches—and by irregularities; (ii) validate or address the applicability limits of the more widespread nonlinear approach, widely recommended by the Italian Technical Regulations. Pushover analyses are conducted assuming that the masonry behaves as a nonlinear material with different tensile and compressive strengths. The consistent number of case studies investigated will show how conventional static approaches can identify, albeit in a qualitative way, the most critical macro-elements that usually trigger both global and local collapses, underlining once again how the phenomena are affected by the geometry of stones and bricks, the texture of the wall face, and irregularities in the plan and elevation and in addition to hypotheses made on the continuity between orthogonal walls.

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The Impact of Health Policies and Sociodemographic Factors on Doubling Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2354

Author(s):

Lina Díaz-Castro ◽

Héctor Cabello-Rangel ◽

Kurt Hoffman

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Doubling Time ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Health Policies ◽

Government Response ◽

University Of Oxford ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Population Sizes ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

Background. The doubling time is the best indicator of the course of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the impact of policies and several sociodemographic factors on the COVID-19 doubling time in Mexico. Methods. A retrospective longitudinal study was carried out across March–August, 2020. Policies issued by each of the 32 Mexican states during each week of this period were classified according to the University of Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), and the doubling time of COVID-19 cases was calculated. Additionally, variables such as population size and density, poverty and mobility were included. A panel data model was applied to measure the effect of these variables on doubling time. Results. States with larger population sizes issued a larger number of policies. Delay in the issuance of policies was associated with accelerated propagation. The policy index (coefficient 0.60, p < 0.01) and the income per capita (coefficient 3.36, p < 0.01) had a positive effect on doubling time; by contrast, the population density (coefficient −0.012, p < 0.05), the mobility in parks (coefficient −1.10, p < 0.01) and the residential mobility (coefficient −4.14, p < 0.01) had a negative effect. Conclusions. Health policies had an effect on slowing the pandemic’s propagation, but population density and mobility played a fundamental role. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies that consider these variables.

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Damage assessment of San Francesco Church in Amandola hit by Central Italy 2016-2017 seismic event

10.1063/5.0026427 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ersilia Giordano ◽

Angela Ferrante ◽

Elisa Ribilotta ◽

Francesco Clementi ◽

Stefano Lenci

Keyword(s):

Damage Assessment ◽

Seismic Event ◽

Central Italy

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Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10518-021-01192-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iunio Iervolino ◽

Pasquale Cito ◽

Chiara Felicetta ◽

Giovanni Lanzano ◽

Antonio Vitale

Keyword(s):

Earthquake Engineering ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Structural Engineering ◽

Central Italy ◽

Civil Defense ◽

Point Of View ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Ground Shaking ◽

Motion Effect ◽

Observed Damage

AbstractShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.

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