Government Response Capacity to the COVID-19 Pandemic

This work estimates the impact of the preventive isolation measures adopted by national and regional authorities in Colombia to answer the following question: Where do the government's isolation measures effectively reduce the number of COVID 19 infections and deaths? Using official information reported by the Ministry of Health and constructing a panel data structure, a model of differences in differences suggested by Cerulli and Ventura is estimated. Estimates of the impact of containment measures show that the peak is delayed and the number of infections and deaths reduced. The government's response to the pandemic on diseases has a significant dynamic impact over time once implemented. The pre-treatment period was significantly affected by the current treatment.

A Case Study of Family Violence During COVID-19 in San Antonio

The current study investigates the effects of coronavirus restrictions on family violence in the seventh largest city in the country, San Antonio, Texas. Two streams of data were used to evaluate the potential change between what occurred during the lockdown period versus what would have been expected, including the COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index and police calls for service from the San Antonio Police Department. The methodological approach used takes advantage of feature engineering, various machine learning time series forecasting techniques commonly leveraged in financial technical analysis, as well as cross-validation for optimized model selection. These techniques have not been considered in previous domestic or family violence-related research. During the lockdown period in San Antonio, we observed a larger than expected increase in calls to police for family violence incidents. Specifically, an increase of over fourteen percent of police calls for family incidents was observed. The findings of the current study suggest that social service and social welfare agencies consider and plan for how future pandemics or other major disasters will affect the incidence of family violence and take appropriate steps now to bolster resources and scale up for the future.

How Government Response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh? An Overview

In this 21st century, in front of the whole world it was a very unlikely occurrence of a new pandemic named as Covid – 19. First China and after other countries it advanced its black claw on Bangladesh. Bangladesh's government was aware of the pandemic's predicament and took steps to protect the population, as well as the economy and numerous industrial sectors. Though the government of Bangladesh did its hardest to provide all forms of assistance to the country's economy, the government was unable to successfully control the pandemic due to the country's large population and people's irresponsibility. Due to the significant impact of Covid-19 during this epidemic, various economic and financial sectors were severely harmed, particularly the garment industry sector. Covid – 19 also has an impact on financial institutions such as banks and other financial institutions. Small businesses, start-ups, and other commercial concerns were also severely harmed. The impact of the epidemic on these industries has had a huge impact on all sectors. This research aims to give a comprehensive and useful overview of the observed and potential consequences in the near future. The study relied on secondary data. Information was gathered from numerous media sources, articles, newspapers, policy experts, and other publications in order to better comprehend it. The goal of this research is to describe Bangladesh's pandemic challenges and government response to the worldwide issue.

Vaccine Supply Chain Distribution under Covid-19 Pandemic:Stressed, Resourceful and Resilient- Lesson Learned from the United States Experiences

Supply chain failed during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Irrational consumer behaviour created a panic buying and led to bullwhip effects. The United States government response to the pandemic from manufacturing vaccines to distribution to consumers in a very short period of time created further uncertainty as the local authorities where vaccines were to be administrated were unprepared for implementing the vaccine supply chain. The federal pandemic supply chain, Operations Wrap Speed (OWS) actually contributed to confusion, uncertainty and the panic environment at the local level. Panic for the fear of virus and confusion ensued until the end of March 2021. Lack of communication and information sharing among stakeholders are to blame for such an inefficient and ineffective pandemic supply chain execution. Once information filtered through the local level, the pandemic supply chain functioned well as it should have performed. This study suggests that a pandemic supply chain infrastructure should be in place at the local level for future emergency deployment.

q -Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Matroids with Application to Human Trafficking

The theory of q -rung orthopair fuzzy sets ( q -ROFSs) is emerging for the provision of more comprehensive and useful information in comparison to their counterparts like intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy sets, especially when responding to the models of vague data with membership and non-membership grades of elements. In this study, a significant generalized model q -ROFS is used to introduce the concept of q -rung orthopair fuzzy vector spaces ( q -ROFVSs) and illustrated by an example. We further elaborate the q -rung orthopair fuzzy linearly independent vectors. The study also involves the results regarding q -rung orthopair fuzzy basis and dimensions of q -ROFVSs. The main focus of this study is to define the concepts of q -rung orthopair fuzzy matroids ( q -ROFMs) and apply them to explore the characteristics of their basis, dimensions, and rank function. Ultimately, to show the significance of our proposed work, we combine these ideas and offer an application. We provide an algorithm to solve the numerical problems related to human flow between particular regions to ensure the increased government response action against frequently used path (heavy path) for the countries involved via directed q -rung orthopair fuzzy graph ( q -ROFG). At last, a comparative study of the proposed work with the existing theory of Pythagorean fuzzy matroids is also presented.

COVID-19 reproduction number and non-pharmaceutical interventions in Lithuania

Currently the world is threatened by a global COVID-19 pandemic and it has induced crisis creating a lot of disruptions in the healthcare system, social life and economy. In this article we present the analysis of COVID-19 situation in Lithuania and it's municipalities taking into consideration the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the reproduction number. We have analysed the period from 20/03/2020 to 20/06/2021 covering two quarantines applied in Lithuania. We calculated the reproduction number using the incidence data provided by State Data Governance Information System, while the information for applied non-pharmaceutical interventions was extracted from Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker and the COVID-19 website of Government of the Republic of Lithuania. The positive effect of applied non-pharmaceutical interventions on reproduction number was observed when internal movement ban was applied in 16/12/2020 during the second quarantine in Lithuania.

Governing the covid-19 Pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa: Containment Measures as a Public Good

What determined how governments in the Middle East and North Africa reacted to the global covid-19 pandemic? We develop a theoretical argument based on the political costs of different policy options and assess its empirical relevance. Distinguishing between the immediate costs associated with decisive action and the potential costs of uncontrolled spread that are likely to accrue over the long term, we argue that leaders who have fewer incentives to provide public goods to stay in power will lock down later than their more constrained counterparts. We find empirical support for this argument in statistical analyses covering the 1 January – 30 November 2020 period using the Oxford covid-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) and our own original data on the timing of mosque closures and strict lockdowns across the region. We also illustrate our argument with a description of the response to the pandemic in Egypt.

The ‘Infodemic’: Is International Law Ready to Combat Fake News in the Age of Information Disorder?

This article considers the readiness of international law to protect States from information operations that are launched as the means of disrupting government response to the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. It examines both the external- and internal-facing dynamics for international regulation of misinformation, with the focus on the principle of non-intervention as an external regulation of misinformation under general international law and freedom of expression guaranteed under human rights treaties for internal regulation.