Round Trip Time of Network Cables: A Comparative Analysis

This experimental research study was conducted to compare the round-trip time of commonly used network cables among Internet Cafés in Estancia, Iloilo. Specifically, it focused on the brand names of network cable and the distance of cable from the access point to remote terminal. This study attempted to determine whether there was no significant difference among cables which differs from their brand names and distances. The research instrument used in gathering the data was the researchers-made survey form which was submitted to the three panels of experts for face validation before the instrument was given to Internet Cafe Owner’s and computer stores in the Municipality of Estancia. The statistical tools used were the frequency counts, percentages, rank, arithmetic mean, and chi-square. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the round-trip time between brands of network cables when tested at long and short distances from access point to remote terminal. It was found out that there was no significant difference in the overall round-trip time between brands of network cables when tested at long, medium, and short distances from access point to remote terminal. This simply showed that Internet Cafés can make use of any brand available in the market because they perform the same. However, among the three brands being tested it was also revealed that the best brand of network cables in terms of round-trip time was the Belden.

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Accuracy in WiFi Access Point Position Estimation Using Round Trip Time

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21113828 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 3828

Author(s):

Miquel Garcia-Fernandez ◽

Isaac Hoyas-Ester ◽

Alex Lopez-Cruces ◽

Malgorzata Siutkowska ◽

Xavier Banqué-Casanovas

Keyword(s):

Access Point ◽

Position Estimation ◽

Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽

Automated System ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Round Trip Time ◽

Round Trip ◽

Access Points ◽

Trip Time ◽

Hardware Biases

WiFi Round Trip Time (RTT) unlocks meter level accuracies in user terminal positions where no other navigation systems, such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), are able to (e.g., indoors). However, little has been done so far to obtain a scalable and automated system that computes the position of the WiFi Access Points (WAP) using RTT and that is able to estimate, in addition to the position, the hardware biases that offset the WiFi ranging measurements. These biases have a direct impact on the ultimate position accuracy of the terminals. This work proposes a method in which the computation of the WiFi Access Points positions and hardware biases (i.e., products) can be estimated based on the ranges and position fixes provided by user terminals (i.e., inverse positioning) and details how this can be improved if raw GNSS measurements (pseudoranges and carrier phase) are also available in the terminal. The data setup used to obtain a performance assessment was configured in a benign scenario (open sky with no obstructions) in order to obtain an upper boundary on the positioning error that can be achieved with the proposed method. Under these conditions, accuracies better than 1.5 m were achieved for the WAP position and hardware bias. The proposed method is suitable to be implemented in an automated manner, without having to rely on dedicated campaigns to survey 802.11mc-compliant WAPs. This paper offers a technique to automatically estimate both mild-indoor WAP products (where terminals have both Wi-Fi RTT and GNSS coverage) and deep-indoor WAP (with no GNSS coverage where the terminals obtain their position exclusively from previously estimated mild-indoor WAPs).

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Client-side rogue access-point detection using a simple walking strategy and round-trip time analysis

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking ◽

10.1186/s13638-020-01864-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Songrit Kitisriworapan ◽

Aphirak Jansang ◽

Anan Phonphoem

Keyword(s):

Transmission Rate ◽

Access Point ◽

Mobile User ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Round Trip Time ◽

Round Trip ◽

Simple Method ◽

Trip Time ◽

Network Administration ◽

Rogue Access Point

AbstractTraditional rogue access-point (AP) detection mechanisms are employed in network administration to protect network infrastructure and organization; however, these mechanisms do not protect end users from connecting to a rogue-AP. In this paper, a rogue-AP detection technique on the mobile-user side is proposed. By using a simple method involving walking, the round-trip time (RTT) and the modulation and coding scheme values are obtained, and a more accurate transmission rate for particular RTT values is thereby calculated. Further, the cleansed data are classified using the k-means method and the cumulative distribution function for the detection process. The results demonstrate that a rogue-AP can be detected with an F-measure value of up to 0.9. In the future, the proposed algorithm can be implemented as an application installed on mobile devices so that nontechnical users can detect rogue-APs.

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Time Indices of Prehospital Emergency Services in Ardabil City, Iran, 2020

Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly ◽

10.32598/hdq.6.3.377.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 161-168

Author(s):

Hossein Asadi ◽

◽

Aghil Habibi Soola ◽

Farhad Gheybati ◽

Mahnaz Davari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Time ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Time Response ◽

Round Trip Time ◽

Round Trip ◽

Transport Time ◽

Chi Square ◽

Trip Time ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Prehospital Emergency

Background: The role and function of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in people’s health and the need for continuous evaluation of its function, especially delivering services to the patients, are essential. So, the present study was conducted to determine the time indices of prehospital emergency services in Ardabil City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Out of all calls recorded in EMS centers of Ardabil in the first 6 months of 2020, 327 calls, which resulted in the patient’s transfer to a hospital, were randomly selected. Then, the required data, including time indices and demographic information, were extracted from EMS forms filled by a medical emergency technician for each mission. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including 1-way analysis of variance and the Chi-square test in SPSS v. 22. Results: In terms of time indices, the average delay time (1.01 minutes), the response time (7.87 minutes), on-scene time (13.81 minutes), transport time (12.53 minutes), the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time) (35.15 minutes), and the round trip time (52.50) had been recorded. According to the Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time), transport time, round trip time, and the location of the emergency base. Conclusion: EMS time indices were at the desired level. Updating information systems, ambulances, medical equipment, and holding training courses for personnel working in this system can effectively improve time indicators.

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Performance of mobile IPv6 with different route optimization scheme

International Journal of Smart Sensor and Adhoc Network. ◽

10.47893/ijssan.2012.1075 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 265-269

Author(s):

Manoj Mathur ◽

Sunita Malik ◽

Prince Arora

Keyword(s):

Access Point ◽

Mobile Node ◽

Route Optimization ◽

Light Weight ◽

Round Trip Time ◽

Round Trip ◽

Optimization Scheme ◽

Data Packets ◽

Trip Time ◽

End To End Delay

Mobile Internet Protocol version 4, in which the main problem is triangle routing. Mobile node deliver packets to a corresponding node directly but when corresponding node sends packet to the mobile node packet comes to foreign agent via home agent then it comes to mobile node. This asymmetry is called triangle routing. It leads to many problems, like load on the network and delay in delivering packets. The next generation IPv6 is designed to overcome this kind of problem (triangle routing). MIPv6 support host moves from one access point to another access point. To solve the triangle routing problem different route optimization schemes are used which exclude the inefficient routing paths by creating the shortest routing path. These are Liebsch’s Route optimization scheme, Light Weight Route optimization scheme & enhanced light weight route optimization scheme. In this paper I have consider only Light Weight Route optimization scheme & enhanced light weight route optimization scheme. I have taken Throughput and Packet delivery fraction, end to end delay & round trip time .Performance metrics to compare these two schemes by using NS-2 simulations. Throughput is the rate of communications per unit time. Packet delivery fraction (PDF) is the ratio of the data packets delivered to the destinations to those generated by the CBR sources. End to end delay includes all possible delays caused by buffering, re transmission delay & propagation & transfer times of data packets. Round-trip time is the time required for a signal pulse or packet to travel from a specific source to a specific destination and back again. By using these parameters I have found that enhanced light weight route optimization scheme performance is better than Light Weight Route optimization scheme.

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