An Experimental Study of the Server-based Unfairness Solutions for the Cross-Protocol Scenario of Adaptive Streaming over HTTP/3 and HTTP/2

Since the introduction of the HTTP/3, research has focused on evaluating its influences on the existing adaptive streaming over HTTP (HAS). Among these research, due to irrelevant transport protocols, the cross-protocol unfairness between the HAS over HTTP/3 (HAS/3) and HAS over HTTP/2 (HAS/2) has caught considerable attention. It has been found that the HAS/3 clients tend to request higher bitrates than the HAS/2 clients because the transport QUIC obtains higher bandwidth for its HAS/3 clients than the TCP for its HAS/2 clients. As the problem originates from the transport layer, it is likely that the server-based unfairness solutions can help the clients overcome such a problem. Therefore, in this paper, an experimental study of the server-based unfairness solutions for the cross-protocol scenario of the HAS/3 and HAS/2 is conducted. The results show that, while the bitrate guidance solution fails to help the clients achieve fairness, the bandwidth allocation solution provides superior performance.

DTN Trustworthiness for Permafrost Telemetry IoT Network

The SHETLAND-NET research project aims to build an Internet of Things (IoT) telemetry service in Antarctica to automatize the data collection of permafrost research studies on interconnecting remote wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) long fat networks (LFN). The proposed architecture presents some properties from challenging networks that require the use of delay tolerant networking (DTN) opportunistic techniques that send the collected data during the night as a bulk data transfer whenever a link comes available. This process might result in network congestion and packet loss. This is a complex architecture that demands a thorough assessment of the solution’s viability and an analysis of the transport protocols in order to find the option which best suits the use case to achieve superior trustworthiness in network congestion situations. A heterogeneous layer-based model is used to measure and improve the trustworthiness of the service. The scenario and different transport protocols are modeled to be compared, and the system’s trustworthiness is assessed through simulations.

Diffusion Model of a Non-Integer Order PIγ Controller with TCP/UDP Streams

In this article, a way to employ the diffusion approximation to model interplay between TCP and UDP flows is presented. In order to control traffic congestion, an environment of IP routers applying AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms has been introduced. Furthermore, the impact of the fractional controller PIγ and its parameters on the transport protocols is investigated. The controller has been elaborated in accordance with the control theory. The TCP and UDP flows are transmitted simultaneously and are mutually independent. Only the TCP is controlled by the AQM algorithm. Our diffusion model allows a single TCP or UDP flow to start or end at any time, which distinguishes it from those previously described in the literature.

Wireless Loss Detection over Fairly Shared Heterogeneous Long Fat Networks

The quality of inter-network communication is often detrimentally affected by the large deployment of heterogeneous networks, including Long Fat Networks, as a result of wireless media introduction. Legacy transport protocols assume an independent wired connection to the network. When a loss occurs, the protocol considers it as a congestion loss, decreasing its throughput in order to reduce the network congestion without evaluating a possible channel failure. Distinct wireless transport protocols and their reference metrics are analyzed in order to design a mechanism that improves the Aggressive and Adaptative Transport Protocol (AATP) performance over Heterogeneous Long Fat Networks (HLFNs). In this paper, we present the Enhanced-AATP, which introduces the designed Loss Threshold Decision maker mechanism for the detection of different types of losses in the AATP operation. The degree to which the protocol can maintain throughput levels during channel losses or decrease production while congestion losses occur depends on the evolution of the smooth Jitter Ratio metric value. Moreover, the defined Weighted Fairness index enables the modification of protocol behavior and hence the prioritized fair use of the node’s resources. Different experiments are simulated over a network simulator to demonstrate the operation and performance improvement of the Enhanced-AATP. To conclude, the Enhanced-AATP performance is compared with other modern protocols.

EMS Safety and Prehospital Emergency Care of Animals

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel frequently encounter animals in situations ranging from injured law enforcement canines (LEK9s) to pets with smoke inhalation injury. In recent years, several US states have enacted laws that legally allow EMS personnel to provide basic emergency care to certain animals. Currently, nine states allow some type of emergency medical treatment and/or ambulance transport of animals by EMS, and five states limit liability for vehicle damage resulting from rescuing animals trapped inside. Despite this expanding body of legislation encouraging EMS to assist animals, EMS personnel are not typically trained in the safe handling or medical treatment of animals. Interaction with veterinary patients can pose serious injury and infectious disease risks to untrained EMS personnel. Furthermore, relationships with veterinarians must be built and treatment and transport protocols must be developed for EMS agencies to appropriately care for these animals. This report serves as an initial framework from the veterinary perspective for EMS consideration regarding current legislation, safety concerns, transport protocols, and common life-saving treatments in the prehospital emergency care of animals. Increased collaboration between EMS personnel and veterinary professionals provides an opportunity to develop quality training programs for EMS and to improve disaster preparedness of the whole community.

Responsabilidade de Intermediários dentro e fora da Infraestrutura da Internet: uma abordagem nao juridica

This article aims to analyze the intermediaries that gravitate around the Internet, identifying their location, functions, and types of interference where possible damage can be caused by transmitting misinformation for lack of understanding. It locates the problems and proposes solutions through the development of a code of ethics by the interested parties so that the need for the availability of cryptography can be maintained by whoever is interested and in the point-to-point relationships, avoiding the transport protocols ossification.