scholarly journals Theoretical and practical considerations regarding the illegal access to a computer system in the Romanian Criminal Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 944-949
Author(s):  
Zafer Sadîc
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Unauthorized Access ◽  
Criminal Jurisprudence ◽  
History Of

The article analyzes the legal framework for regulating the crime of illegal access to a computer system in the Romanian legal system, with a brief foray into the history of criminalization of unauthorized access to a computer system, continues with the indication of the normative text in force, after which it describes the structure and legal content of the crime, with specific references to recent relevant criminal jurisprudence.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT IN SLOVAKIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Наталья Лазарева ◽  
Natalya Lazareva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Criminal Legislation

The subject of this research is criminal legislation of the Slovak Republic since the merge of Slovakia in the AustroHungarian Empire (XIX century) to the present day. The article analyzes the emergency criminal legislation of the World War II period, the socialist Criminal Codes of the Czechoslovak Republic (1950, 1961) and the existing Criminal Code of the Slovak Republic of 2005. The article also touches upon the country’s constitutional development on the example of the adopted Constitutions of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948, 1960) and the Constitution of the Slovak Republic (1992). The author pays special attention to the integration of Slovakia into the European legal framework when it became a member of the European Union in 2004. The article also contains comparative analysis of the main institutions of the criminal law in Russia and Slovakia. During the research the author used the following special methods: historical, logical, and comparative law method, which includes a variety of techniques (doctrinal, regulatory, functional comparison). As opposed to the criminal law of other European Union countries, the Slovak criminal law has remained practically unexplored by the Russian criminal law doctrine. But it is very unique because it comprises the combination of Austrian, German and Russian criminal law ideas which is conditioned by historical peculiarities of this state’s development. On the example of Slovakia, the author demonstrates possibility of combining the national legal legacy and directives of the European Union.

scholarly journals The legal system for horse protection in ancient China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Lihong Gao ◽  
Da Su
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of

The concept of "animal welfare" originated relatively recently and refers to fulfilling the basic needs of animals to avoid unnecessary suffering. However, in ancient China, ecological awareness similar to current “animal welfare” had already been awoken and codified in the form of a series of legal systems, among which were specific regulations for horses that entailed giving them a good life, as well as a series of “animal welfare” regulations more in line with the current sense, such as not hitting them in the face, nor using genetically related horses for breeding. This paper analyses the current legal framework of animal protection to trace the legal system on horse protection throughout the history of China.

scholarly journals Answering the questions of criminal law dogma regarding the organization of combating crimes in the economic sphere

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Irina Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Legal System ◽  
Procedural Basis

Attempts to restructure the legal framework for combating crime in the economic sphere through changes in the criminal law are doomed to failure. The criminal legal system for combating crime, including its economic segment, should be built on a criminal procedural basis. Prosecution and trial should be considered the main elements of criminal procedure. The application of means of criminal law to the subjects of business crimes should be carried out by a court with the participation of a jury. The subject of litigation must be a public or private charge.

Undermining Trial by Jury in Russia in Counterterrorism and the Wider Criminal Law

ICL Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergal F Davis ◽  
Svetlana Tyulkina
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
First Century ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Legal Transplant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Shallow Roots

AbstractThe re-adoption of trial by jury in Russia in 1993 was heralded as a significant break with the discredited legal system of a crumbling regime. However, in less than twenty years the jury in Russian criminal trials has been significantly undermined; that process is particularly evident in the field of counterterrorism. This article examines the history of trial by jury in Russia, the constitutional and legislative provisions adopted in the 1990s, and the rolling back of these provisions in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Given the adoption of jury trial in a number of democracies in the early 1990s the underlying causes of the rapid Russian retrenchment are of significance beyond the Rus­sian Federation. The jury was not a legal transplant in Russia and it was hoped that conditions were fertile for the jury to flourish. This has not proven to be the case: Russian jury trial may have a long history but it has shallow roots.

Historicizing the Dual Categorization of the General Principles of Law by the ILC

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Md Tabish EQBAL
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
International Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
International Legal System

Abstract“Draft conclusion 3” of the first ILC report on the “general principles of law” expounds on two categories: general principles of law derived from national jurisdictions and those formed within the international legal system. This paper explores the drafting history of Article 38(1)(c) of the ICJ's Statute to investigate whether the Advisory Committee of Jurists, entrusted to frame a statute for the international court, had conceived the idea that, apart from domestic legal systems, the international legal framework could form general principles of law, or whether they were reluctant to endorse such an open-ended formulation which would give more liberty to judges to apply these principles as per their whims and fancies. The paper argues that the dual categorization of the general principles of law by the ILC has no substantive roots in the preparatory history of the ICJ's Statute and therefore it is purely an innovation by the ILC.

A History of the Criminal Law of England

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Fitzjames Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
History Of

A History of the Criminal Law of England

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Fitzjames Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
History Of

SEARCH FOR AND SEIZURE OF EVIDENCE IN CYBER ENVIRONMENTS: A LAW-ENFORCEMENT DILEMMA IN SOUTH AFRICAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Vinesh M Basdeo ◽  
Moses Montesh ◽  
Bernard Khotso Lekubu
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
South African ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Domestic Affairs

Investigating, deterring and imposing legal sanctions on cyber-criminals warrants an international legal framework for the investigation and prosecution of cybercrime. The real-world limits of local, state and national sovereignty and jurisdiction cannot be ignored by law-enforcement officials. It can be a strenuous task to obtain information from foreign countries, especially on an expedited basis – more specifically when the other country is in a different time zone, has a different legal system, does not have trained experts and uses different languages. In South Africa existing laws appear to be inadequate for policing the cyber realm. The effects and impact of information technology on the legal system have not yet received the attention they warrant. The challenges presented by the electronic realm cannot be solved merely by imposing existing criminal and criminal procedural laws which govern the physical world on cyberspace. The electronic realm does not necessarily demand new laws, but it does require that criminal actions be conceptualised differently and not from a purely traditional perspective. Sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of another state are fundamental principles grounding the relations between states; they constitute an important mechanism in the armoury of criminals. The harmonisation and enactment of adequate and appropriate transborder coercive procedural measures consequently play a pivotal role in facilitating effective international cooperation. This article examines the efficacy of South African laws in dealing with the challenges presented by police powers to search for and seize evidence in cyber environments. It analyses the rudimentary powers that exist in South African criminal procedure regarding the search for and seizure of evidence in cyber environments, and compares them against the backdrop of the more systemic and integrated approach proposed by the Cybercrime Convention.

The Legal Framework of Islamic Criminal Law in Aceh with refer-ence to Application, Challenges and Way Forward (Kerangka undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh merujuk kepada aplikasi, cabaran dan jalan kehadapan)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-314
Author(s):  
Ramizah Wan Muhammad ◽  
Khairunnasriah Abdul Salam ◽  
Afridah Abbas ◽  
Nasimah Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Public ◽  
Banking And Finance ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Legal Administration ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
And Training

Aceh is a special province in Indonesia and different from other Indonesian provinces especially in the context of Shari'ah related laws. Aceh was granted special autonomy and legal right by the Indonesian central government in 2001 to fully apply Islamic law in the province. Generally, Islamic law which is applicable to Muslims in Indonesia is limited to personal laws just as in Malaysia. However, with the passage of time, Islamic law has expanded to include Islamic banking and finance. Besides that, Islamic law in Aceh is also extended to govern criminal matters which are in line with the motto of Aceh Islamic government to apply Islamic law in total or kaffah. Since 1999, the legal administration of Aceh has begun to gradually put in place the institutional framework to ensure that Islamic law is properly administered and implemented. Equally important, such framework is also aimed to ensure that punishments are fairly executed. This paper attempts to analyse the extent of the applicability of Islamic criminal law in Aceh. It is divided into three major parts. The first part discusses the phases in making Aceh an Islamic province and the roles played by Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh as the policy maker in implementing Islamic law as well as educating and training the public about the religion of Islam. The second part gives an overview on the Islamic criminal law and punishment provided in Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 on Hukum Jinayat (hereinafter Qanun Hukum Jinayat or “QHJ”) as well as the criminal procedural law concerning the methods of proof codified in Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 on Hukum Acara Jinayat (hereinafter “QAJ”). The third part of this paper highlights the challenges in the application and implementation of Islamic criminal law in Aceh, and accordingly provides recommendations for the improvement of the provisions in the QHJ and QAJ. Inputs from the interviews with the drafters of QHJ, namely Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong and Prof. Dr Al Yasa are utilized in preparing this paper. In addition, inputs gathered from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), namely Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) and Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) are employed. The findings of this research are important in providing an in-depth understanding on the framework of Islamic criminal law in Aceh as well as in recognizing the flaws in its application or practical aspects of the law in Aceh. Keywords: Islamic law, Aceh, Administration, Punishment. Abstrak Aceh merupakan sebuah Wilayah Istimewa di Indonesia dibandingkan dengan wilayah-wilayah lain dari segi pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam. Aceh diberi status Wilayah Istimewa yang berautonomi oleh Pemerintah Pusat Indonesia pada tahun 2001 untuk melaksanakan undang-undang Islam secara menyeluruh. Pemakaian dan pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam di Aceh tidak terhad pada Undang-undang jenayah tetapi telah meliputi bidang perbankan dan kewangan Islam. Sejak tahun 1999, Pentadbiran Undang-undang Aceh telah merangka undang-undang bagi memastikan undang-undang Islam dapat ditadbir dan dilaksanakan dengan baik. Selain itu juga, undang-undang yang dirangka juga turut bertujuan untuk memastikan hukuman yang berasaskan undang-undang Islam dapat dilaksanakan secara adil. Oleh itu, kajian dalam kertas kerja ini dibuat uuntuk menganalisa sejauh mana undang-undang jenayah Islam dilaksanakan di Aceh. Kertas ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagan utama, yang mana bahagian pertama membincangkan latas belakang awal kewujudan wilayah Islam Aceh dan peranan yang dimainkan oleh Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh sebagai mpembuat dasar dalam pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam, mendidik serta menyediakan latihan kepada masyarakat umum di Aceh mengenai Islam. Bahagian kedua menyediakan gambaran umum tentang undang-undang jenayah dan hukuman dalam Islam sebagaimana termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 berkenaan Hukum Jinayat (“Qanun Hukum Jinayat” atau “QHJ”) serta undang-undang prosedur jenayah berkenaan cara pembuktiaan jenayah sebagaimana yag termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 berkenaan Hukum Acara Jinayat (“QAJ”). Bahagian ketiga kertas ini menekankan masalah atau cabaran yang dihadapi daam pelaksanaan undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh, serta menyediakan cadangan-cadangan bagi penambahbaikan peruntukan-peruntukan yang ada dalam QHJ dan QAJ. Maklumat hasil dari temuramah dengan Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong dan Prof. Dr Al Yasa telah digunakan bagi menyiapkan makalah ini. Selain itu, maklumat yang diperolehi daripada organisasi bukan kerajaan iaitu Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) dan Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) turut dimanfaatkan. Dapatan dari kajian ini penting bagi menyediakan kefahaman terhadap kerangka undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh serta mengenal pasti masalah dalam aspek peruntukan undang-undang tersebut atau pelaksanaannya di Aceh. Kata Kunci: Undang-undang Islam, Aceh, Pentadbiran, Hukuman.

Forensic Evidence in Proving Crimes: Exploring the Legal Frameworks of Sharīʿah Bukti Forensik Bagi Membuktikan Jenayah: Menerokai Rangka Kerja Guaman Sharīʿah

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-247
Author(s):  
Sayyid Mohammad Yunus Gilani ◽  
K. M. Zakir Hossain Shalim
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
New Method ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Legal Frameworks

AbstractForensic evidence is an evolving science in the field of criminal investigation and prosecutions. It has been widely used in the administration of justice in the courts and the Western legal system, particularly in common law. To accommodate this new method of evidence in Islamic law, this article firstly, conceptualizes forensic evidence in Islamic law.  Secondly, explores legal frameworks for its adoption in Islamic law. Keywords: Forensic Evidence, legal framework, Criminal Investigation, Sharīʿah.AbstrakBukti forensik adalah sains yang sentiasa berkembang dalam bidang siasatan jenayah dan pendakwaan. Ia telah digunakan secara meluas dalam pentadbiran keadilan di mahkamah dan sistem undang-undang Barat, terutamanya dalam undang-undang common (common law). Untuk menampung kaedah pembuktian baru ini dalam undang-undang Islam, artikel ini, pertamanya, konseptualisasikan bukti forensik dalam undang-undang Islam. Kedua, ia menerokai rangka kerja undang-undang untuk penerimaannya dalam undang-undang Islam.Kata Kunci: Bukti Forensik, Rangka Kerja Guaman, Siasatan Jenayah, Sharīʿah.

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