TO THE QUESTION OF THE SUPPLY OF PARTISANS AND UNDERGROUNDERS OF THE CRIMEA WITH THE HELP OF AVIATION IN 1941-1944

Статья посвящена проблеме анализа материально-технического обеспечения в годы Великой Отечественной войны партизан и подпольщиков Крыма, которая недостаточно изучена в отечественной историографии. На основе вводимых в научный оборот неопубликованных материалов из фондов Государственного архива Республики Крым автор исследует причины, побудившие Совет Народных Комиссаров Крымской АССР и военное командование Северо-Кавказского фронта организовать помощь «народным мстителям». В статье рассмотрены основные мероприятия Крымского обкома ВКП(б) по оказанию помощи антифашистскому сопротивлению: подготовка баз снабжения, авиационной техники, летного состава, подвоз продовольствия, организация аэродромов. Акцентируется внимание на факторе содействия советских ВВС в перевозке участников разведывательно-диверсионных и подпольных организаций с баз Северного Кавказа на территорию оккупированного Крыма и в передаче секретной информации в расположение советского командования. Автор приходит к выводу, что благодаря проводимым советским руководством мероприятиям был организован мощный воздушный мост между Северным Кавказом и партизанскими базами Крыма. Это позволило обеспечить партизан и подпольщиков Крыма необходимыми запасами продовольствия, медикаментов, оружия, боеприпасов в переломный момент Великой Отечественной войны. The paper is devoted to the problem of analyzing the material support during the Great Patriotic War of the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea, which has not been sufficiently studied in Russian historiography. On the basis of unpublished materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea introduced into scientific circulation, the author examines the reasons that prompted the Council of People’s Commissars of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the military command of the North Caucasian Front to organize the help for the “people’s avengers”. The publication discusses the main activities of the Crimean Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to provide assistance to the anti-fascist Resistance: the preparation of supply bases, aircraft, flight personnel, the supply of food, the organization of airfields. Attention is focused on the factor of assistance of the Soviet Air Force in the transportation of members of reconnaissance, sabotage and underground organizations from the bases of the North Caucasus to the territory of the occupied Crimea, and in the transfer of classified information to the location of the Soviet command. The author arrives at the conclusion that thanks to the measures carried out by the Soviet leadership, a powerful air bridge was organized between the North Caucasus and the partisan airfields of the Crimea. This made it possible to provide the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea with the necessary supplies of food, medicines, weapons, ammunition at the turning point of the Great Patriotic War.

Confessional policy of the Bolsheviks in the Сrimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1920-1930s

The article examines confessional politics in one of the most diffi cult periods for religious organizations that are the 20–30s of the XX century. At this time, active anti-religious work was carried out, so there were created some special organizations supposed to get rid of any manifestations of religious consciousness among the Soviet citizens. All the diversity of this policy is discussed on the example of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The policy that revealed the relation to the Orthodox and Muslim populations and took into account the national specifi cs of the region varied from relatively loyal attitude towards religious organizations in the 1920s to the events of the Great Terror of 1937–1938. The Crimean ASSR was multi-confessional. The authorities faced the need to compromise between the fi ght against religion and the desire not to aggravate confl icts with national minorities. The anti-religious policy was not supposed to confl ict with the policy of indigenousization. Throughout the pre-war twenty years, anti-religious work in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was not fully implemented and was poorly organized. The slowdown in the implementation of the anti-religious line was caused by both unsuccessful selections of the personnel and insuffi cient funding of the anti-religious activities carried out.

Mariya Dmitrievna Kovrigina (1910–1995) — a prominent organizer and head of Soviet healthcare

The article is dedicated to Mariya Dmitrievna Kovrigina. She was a prominent organizer of Soviet healthcare, the Honoured physician of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). During the Great Patriotic war and the post-war period M.D. Kovrigina for 17 years held many leading posts of Deputy Minister and Minister in the apparatus of Ministry of Healthcare of the RSFSR and USSR (1942-1959). Then for 27 years, she worked as the rector of the Central institute for Advanced Training of Physicians (1959-1986). The article provides some little-known facts from the biography of M.D. Kovrigina, which allows showing her contribution to the development of Soviet healthcare, as an experienced and professional organizer and as person sincerely sick soul for the work entrusted to her.

E-EVIDENCE OF CYBERCRIMINAL ACTIVITIES AS A NEW LEGAL PHENOMENON (BASED ON THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM, 2005)

Today's modern global society is facing an unexpected situation where cybercrimes are becoming more and more complicated, severely violating social order and security. The Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) Vietnam 2015 has made important amunpredictable endments and supplements to evidence and evidence institutions, which are important institutions on which procedural bodies base to perform their duties and exercise their powers. Most prominently, the regulation of evidence sources which is electronic data, an entirely new source of evidence, is to respond promptly to crimes using high technology. Within the scope of this article, the author focuses on the new points of the CrPC Vietnam 2015 on the source of evidence that is electronic data in high technology crimes. Further the principles of the evidence act has been explained with amendments in regard to electronic evidence. Finally the safeguards and procedure which needs to be adopted by the Vietnamese judiciary in handling electronic evidences.

Medical assistance, maternal and child welfare service of the Udmurt ASSR during the post-war period (1945–1950)

Introduction. The article examines the state of protection of mothers and children in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the post-war period of 1945–1950. The article analyzes the quality of medical care and services for the protection of mothers and children, the equipment of medical institutions with medical personnel and the staffing of departments with beds and the necessary equipment for providing medical care to children and mothers. Materials and Methods. The work used the data from the central Republican archive of the Udmurt ASSR. It carried out a market analysis on the state and development of the network of obstetric and gynecological care. The materials contained in research that give an idea of the problem under consideration, as well as legal documents have been investigated and summarized. Results and Discussion. In this period under review, a network of antenatal clinics, maternity hospitals, obstetric and gynecological departments is being created. The number of beds for pregnant women and women in labor increased. A specialized department of pregnancy pathology was organized. The rates of maternal mortality, stillbirth and neonatal mortality have dropped significantly. An exchange card has been introduced in hospitals. With the creation of a methodological office, work began on the development of programs for preschool education, cluster and regional conferences began to be held. The conferences dealt with deaths, with special attention paid to issues of late hospitalization. Since 1949, the method of serving children according to the “single pediatrician” system were practiced. Conclusion. Protecting the interests of mother and child, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the postwar years provided great assistance to pregnant women and mothers, fulfilling the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of July 8, 1944. Employees of the Childhood Department, doctors of Izhevsk and employees of the department childhood diseases of the Izhevsk Medical Institute traveled to the regions of the Republic to provide practical assistance and control the work on childhood in the field.

Enteric viral hepatitis in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Southern Vietnam)

Aim: To study the hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis Е (HEV) prevalence in the Southern region of Vietnam based on the frequency analysis of the antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses detection in the local population and groups at increased risk of infection.Materials and methods. Serological markers of enteral viral hepatitis were determined in blood serum samples from adults aged 18 to 65 years of three groups: conditionally healthy individuals (n = 397), HIV-infected (n = 316), and patients with chronic viral hepatitis (n = 268). The ELISA method was used for the qualitative detection of anti-HAV IgG, anti-HAV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM.Results. When analyzing the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG in samples obtained from conditionally healthy, HIV-infected, and patients with chronic viral hepatitis, no differences were found between the groups. The incidence of anti-HAV IgG in the general group (n = 981) was 80.1%, in the absence of anti-HAV IgM. There were no gender-age differences in the frequency of anti-HAV IgG in the examined groups. Antibodies anti-HEV IgG in the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected were present in the samples in 36,2%, 33,2%, and 39,8% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgM in these groups was 3,27%, 4,1%, and 3,79%, respectively. In the general group (n = 981), anti-HEV IgG was detected in 36,6% of cases, anti-HEV IgM in 3,66%, which corresponds to the prevalence of antibodies to HEV in endemic regions.Conclusion. A high incidence of enteral viral hepatitis markers was shown in residents of South Vietnam, including the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected. There is an obvious need for further studies of the spread extent of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam using currently available highly sensitive diagnostic methods, including sequencing of the virus›s nucleotide sequences.

THE MAIN TRENDS OF VIETNAM - JAPAN COOPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF BILATERAL STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

The article examines the process of formation and development of the comprehensive political and trade and economic cooperation between Japan and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam since 1973, when diplomatic relations were established between the two countries, and then received a new impetus after Vietnam started the market reforms in 1986 and commenced the renewal policy (in Vietnamese – “Đổi Mới”). In 2009, Japan and Vietnam decided to raise the bilateral relations to the level of strategic partnership for the common interests of both countries. In 2010, as part of the official visit of the Prime Minister of Japan to Vietnam, a Joint Declaration on strategic cooperation for peace and prosperity in Asia was adopted.The article focuses on cooperation between the two countries in the framework of international and regional organizations, in particular in the framework of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, as well as in the framework of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, in which Japan and ASEAN member states participate. In recent decades Japan has been one of Vietnam’s main foreign economic partners and the second largest investor into Vietnamese economy. At the same time, Japan is the largest sponsor of Vietnam through the Official development assistance program (ODA), actively assisting Vietnam in implementing its national strategy of industrialization and modernization under the framework agreement on cooperation between Vietnam and Japan until 2020 with the prospect of 2030. Besides, the article discusses and analyzes the largest joint projects implemented in Vietnam with the technical and financial assistance from Japan.

PEOPLE ‘S COMMISSARIAT FOR EDUCATION OF THE CHUVASH ASSR IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920s: LEGAL BASIS OF ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The article characterizes the statutory and regulatory enactments that determined the activities of the People’s Commissariat for Education of the Chuvash ASSR in the second half of the 1920s. The most important among them were the “General Regulations on the People’s Commissariats of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” (November, 1925) and the “Regulations on the People’s Commissariat for Education of the Chuvash ASSR” (May, 1929). The functions of the People’s Commissariat for Education are shown to include not only the problems of improving the state of affairs at all levels of education in the republic, but many issues related to the population’s social welfare, the development of science and culture as well. The main attention in the article is focused on showing the structure of the People’s Commissariat for Education as a special body of state power, whereas previously the scientific literature mainly covered the specific results of the activities performed by the People’s Commissariat for Education, when it was mentioned mainly in connection with adoption of a certain resolution on public education. The article considers the matters of separate structural subdivisions of the People’s Commissariat for Education of the Chuvash ASSR, including the organizational and planning part, the Academic Center, the supervisors. On the basis of documents from the funds of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, general trends of changes in the organizational structure of the People’s Commissariat for Education in the second half of the 1920s are traced. It is concluded that there were significant problems with personnel replacement of full-time positions in the period under review, which was mainly explained by two reasons: low wages and a general shortage of qualified workers in the necessary areas of work. The personnel problem negatively affected implementation of tasks faced by the People’s Commissariat for Education.

New life of the Old Believers of Transbaikalia: towards the “Soviet person” (late 1920s)

In the 1920s, throughout the USSR, there were well-known processes of unification of a heterogeneous social structure, ultimately designed to create a unified Soviet society. The attitude of the Old Believers of Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Chita District of the Far Eastern Territory to what was happening during this period became one of the most problematic in terms of the introduction of Communist principles. This was recognised by almost all local Party officials and cultural workers. Formally reproducing the structures of Soviet political and economic institutions, adopting technical innovations and the specifics of the "cultural revolution" in their lives – in reality, the Semeiskie Old Believers often did not seek to change their views on the world, religious identity for the sake of forming the Soviet type of personality. The purpose of the work is to analyse the relationship between the authorities and the Old Believers, as well as the everyday perception of the Communist ideology by the latter. Hence, the main problem can be considered the identification of the reaction of the Semeiskie (including the Communists) to the intensified in their community anti-religious propaganda by the late 1920s – the main condition for changing the paradigm of the worldview. Another problem is to research the ideological (educational) aspect of the new way of life and people's attitudes towards it. As a brief conclusion it should be noted that the process of the formation of the Soviet type of personality in the Old Believers’ environment of Transbaikalia by the early 1930s had a formal character of development: the ideologisation of the population with atheistic propaganda were not tied in the minds of people as an indispensable prerequisite for their new cultural life.

NORTH OSSETIA IN THE SYSTEM OF THE SOVIET STATEHOOD: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE NOASSR OF 1978

В статье предлагается анализ Конституции Северо-Осетинской АССР 1978 г., отразившей этап развития ее государственности в советский период. Научное осмысление правовых аспектов истории Северной Осетии в статусе автономной республики, анализ ее места и роли в системе советской государственности во многом объясняет противоречия в реализации органами государственной власти республики функций политического самоуправления в эпоху «застоя» и «кризиса социализма». Анализ показывает, что декретированный ранней советской властью национальный суверенитет народов, населяющих советскую Россию, не нашел правового подтверждения в Конституции СССР 1977 г., на основе и в соответствии с которой были разработаны и приняты Конституции РСФСР и входящих в нее автономных республик, в том числе и СОАССР. Фиксация статуса автономной республики в качестве государственного образования без признания ее государственного суверенитета ограничивало пределы компетенции республиканских органов власти и управления и ставило их в фактическую зависимость от вышестоящих властно-управленческих структур даже в решении вопросов, отнесенных к ведению автономной республики. Все это вместе взятое превращало автономную республику в «квазигосударственное образование», высшие государственные органы которой действовали в режиме «местной власти». Противоречивые конституционные положения 1977-1978 гг., закрепленные в Основных законах СССР, РСФСР и СОАССР, стали одним из факторов деструкции советской власти и социалистической системы и последующего затем «парада суверенитетов» бывших автономных образований в пределах РСФСР. The article analyzes the 1978 Constitution of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which reflected the stage of development of its statehood relevant to the Soviet period. Scientific comprehension of the legal aspects of the history of North Ossetia in the status of an autonomous republic, an analysis of its place and role within the system of the Soviet statehood largely accounts for the contradictions in the implementation by the republican state institutions of the functions of political self-government in the era of "stagnation" and "crisis of socialism". Analysis shows that the national sovereignty of the peoples inhabiting Soviet Russia, that was decreed by the early Soviet government, did not find legal confirmation in the USSR Constitution of 1977, on the basis and in accordance with which the Constitution of the RSFSR and its autonomous republics, including NOASSR, were elaborated and adopted. Fixing the status of the autonomous republic as a state entity without recognizing its state sovereignty limited the competence of the republican authorities and made them in fact dependent on the higher power structures even in resolving issues attributed to the jurisdiction of the autonomous republic. All this taken together turned the autonomous republic into a "quasi-state entity", the highest state bodies of which operated in the regime of "local power". Contradictory constitutional provisions of 1977-1978, enshrined in the Fundamental Laws of the USSR, RSFSR and NOASSR, became one of the factors of the destruction of the Soviet power and the socialist system and the subsequent “parade of sovereignties” of the former autonomous entities within the RSFSR.