scholarly journals A Link Between Components of the Nasal Microbiome and an Individual’s Susceptibility to Influenza.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexx Weaver ◽  
Sophia McLain ◽  
Whitney Holden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

According to CDC influenza estimates, the flu infects ~40 million people and causes 24,000 to 60,000 deaths in the United States annually. Vaccination can be highly effective but is often a neglected tool for preventing infection. In this project, three methods were developed to compare an individual’s reported self-history of influenza infection to the types and amounts of nasal bacteria collected by nasal swab to assess if certain bacteria may correlate with less history of influenza infection. These three methods quantified species from four genera of bacteria - Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus and Haemophilus - and compared the amounts of each type of bacteria with participant survey answers regarding their history of influenza infection. In Method 1, a disk diffusion test with bacitracin distinguished isolates of Staphylococcus from Micrococcus. Higher ratios of Staphylococcus to Micrococcus were found in individuals less susceptible to influenza (p = 0.003). In Method 2, S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae were distinguished based on their hemolytic patterns. A higher proportion S. pneumoniae significantly correlated with more history of influenza (p = 0.002). In Method 3, total numbers of Staphylococcus spp. and H. influenzae were compared. More frequent H. influenzae significantly correlated with higher influenza frequency (p = 0.006). While all three methods indicate correlations between specific nasal bacteria and influenza susceptibility, Method 2 was the simplest and least expensive to perform. Commercialization of one or more of these methods could result in a simple and inexpensive test to identify at-risk individuals for influenza.

scholarly journals One-Year Costs in Patients With a History of or at Risk for Atherothrombosis in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Mahoney ◽  
Kaijun Wang ◽  
David J. Cohen ◽  
Alan T. Hirsch ◽  
Mark J. Alberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of Or ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year

Review of A brief history of the United States.

1919 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 414-414
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of

An American Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Strongyloidiasis in a United States Urban Outpatient Dermatology Department: A Case Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Watchmaker ◽  
Sean Legler ◽  
Dianne De Leon ◽  
Vanessa Pascoe ◽  
Robert Stavert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Dermatology Department ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Serologic Testing ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
History Of ◽  
Endemic Areas

Background: Although considered a tropical disease, strongyloidiasis may be encountered in non-endemic regions, primarily amongst immigrants and travelers from endemic areas.  Chronic strongyloides infection may be under-detected owing to its non-specific cutaneous presentation and the low sensitivity of commonly used screening tools. Methods: 18 consecutive patients with serologic evidence of strongyloides infestation who presented to a single urban, academic dermatology clinic between September 2013 and October 2016 were retrospectively included.  Patient age, sex, country of origin, strongyloides serology titer, absolute eosinophil count, presenting cutaneous manifestations, and patient reported subjective outcome of pruritus after treatment were obtained via chart review.  Results: Of the 18 patients, all had non-specific pruritic dermatoses, 36% had documented eosinophila and none were originally from the United States. A majority reported subjective improvement in their symptoms after treatment. Conclusion:  Strongyloides infection and serologic testing should be considered in patients living in non-endemic regions presenting with pruritic dermatoses and with a history of exposure to an endemic area.Key Points:Chronic strongyloidiasis can be encountered in non-endemic areas and clinical manifestations are variableEosinophilia was not a reliable indicator of chronic infection in this case series Dermatologists should consider serologic testing for strongyloidiasis in patients with a history of exposure and unexplained pruritus

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