scholarly journals Effect of Mulching with Compost on Growth and Physiology of Ulmus ‘FL634’ Planted in an Urban Park

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fini ◽  
Ciro Degl’Innocenti ◽  
Francesco Ferrini
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Total Tree

The effects of mixed compost as mulching material on growth and physiology of newly planted elm trees were evaluated over a three-year period after planting in an urban park. Trees mulched with compost generally had greater height (+10% and +19% for 5 cm layer and 10 cm layer treatments, respectively, if compared to control), trunk diameter (+13% and +29%) and current-year shoot growth (+46% and +56%). Limited effects were found with regard to carbon assimilation when considered on a per unit-leaf-area basis (-0.1% and +0.3%), but whole tree carbon assimilation increased in mulched trees (+7% and +59% for 5 cm and 10 cm treatments, respectively, if compared to control) because of the larger total tree leaf area of mulched plants. Mulching also increased chlorophyll content (+4% and +7% for 5 cm and 10 cm treatments, respectively). The results obtained in this study show how mulching with compost increased growth, carbon storage, and improved water use efficiency of trees planted in an urban environment characterized by hot dry summers.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange Characteristics of Fragaria chiloensis Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Carol A. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Fragaria Chiloensis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Residual Conductance

Twenty-five female clones of Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesene collected from the California and Oregon coasts were surveyed for gas exchange rates under field conditions. Carbon assimilation (A) rates of native clones were 25% to 69% higher than for `Totem' (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) on a leaf-area basis (μmol of CO2 per sec/m2) and 7% to 77% higher when expressed on a leaf dry-weight basis (μmol of CO2 per kg dry wt/sec). Higher rates of stomatal conductance (gs) were observed in 16 of 25 F. chiloensis clones than in `Totem', with nine of 25 clones also having higher rates of transpiration (E). All clones had higher rates of residual conductance (gr) and greater water use efficiency (WUE) than the cultivated standard. The gas exchange characteristics of four strawberry cultivars (F. × ananassa) and four F. chiloensis genotypes were compared under standard greenhouse conditions. F. chiloensis genotypes had higher rates of A than cultivars when expressed on per leaf-area and dry-weight bases. Native clones also had higher rates of gs, gr, E, and WUE and greater quantum yield. Differences in chlorophyll content were observed among genotypes, but not between species.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Gas Exchange in Coffea arabica During Adjustment to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
C Crisosto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Area Basis

Although carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been reported to decline in plants growing under reduced soil moisture, there is little information available concerning the dynamics of adjustments in Δ and gas exchange following a change in soil water availability. In this study Δ, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth were monitored in container-grown coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants for 120 days under three soil moisture regimes. At the end of 120 d, total leaf area of plants irrigated twice weekly was one half that of plants irrigated twice daily, although their assimilation rates on a unit leaf area basis were nearly equal throughout the experiment. This suggested that maintenance of nearly constant photosynthetic characteristics on a unit leaf area basis through maintenance of a smaller total leaf area may constitute a major mode of adjustment to reduced soil moisture availability in coffee. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) predicted from foliar Δ values was highest in plants irrigated weekly, intermediate in plants irrigated twice weekly and lowest in plants irrigated twice daily. When instantaneous WUE was estimated from independent measurements of total transpiration per plant and assimilation on a unit leaf area basis, the reverse ranking was obtained. The lack of correspondence between intrinsic and instantaneous WUE was attributed to adjustments in canopy morphology and leaf size in the plants grown under reduced water supply which enhanced transpiration relative to assimilation. Values of Δ predicted from the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure determined during gas exchange measurements were not always consistent with measured foliar Δ. This may have resulted from a patchy distribution of stomatal apertures in plants irrigated weekly and from a lag period between adjustment in gas exchange and subsequent alteration in Δ of expanding leaves. The importance of considering temporal and spatial scales, and previous growth and environmental histories in comparing current single leaf gas exchange behaviour with foliar Δ values is discussed.

Growth and development at cold-hardening temperatures. Pigment and benzoquinone accumulation in winter rye

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Krol ◽  
Norman P. A. Huner
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Leaf Ontogeny ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis

Accumulation of chlorophyll, the carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin), and the benzoquinones (plastoquinone A and α-tocopherol) were monitored in 'Puma' rye as a function of leaf ontogeny at warm and cold-hardening temperatures. Although the kinetics of accumulation differed among the leaves of warm-grown plants, the initial and maximum levels of the pigments and benzoquinones expressed on a leaf area basis did not differ significantly among the first four leaves of the main culm. In contrast, the third and fourth leaf of cold-grown plants, which developed completely at the low temperature, generally exhibited initial and maximum pigment and benzoquinone levels 60–300% greater than was observed for leaf 1 and 2 of cold-grown plants, which were completely or partially developed at the warm temperature regime. This resulted in pigment and benzoquinone levels which were 1.6- to 3-fold greater in the plants grown at cold-hardening temperatures than those grown at the warm temperature, when expressed on a per unit leaf area basis. However, when pigment accumulation was calculated on a chlorophyll basis, the benzoquinone content of leaves that developed solely at cold-hardening temperatures exhibited a 1.7-fold increase over the same leaves developed at warm temperatures. Carotenoids did not exhibit this trend. Calculations based on chlorophyll/carotenoid content and dry weight accumulation indicated that leaves that were developed at cold-hardening temperatures appeared to produce more dry matter per unit of photosynthetic pigments than the same leaves that were developed at nonhardening temperatures.

scholarly journals Water Use and Stomatal Behavior of Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) Relative to Reference Evapotranspiration in Three Contrasting Regions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 764C-764
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren* ◽  
Thayne Montague ◽  
Richard Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
High Vapor ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Total Tree

We investigated water use and a water needs index multiplier relative to reference evapotranspiration for a sweetgum cultivar (Liquidambar styraciflua `Moraine') in Logan, Utah, Lubbock, Texas, and Orlando Fla. Three individual trees with ≈80-mm trunk diameter, were potted in to large containers with organic media at each location. Sweetgum water use (Tsw) was measured over the season at each location with load cells and dataloggers, concurrent with measurement of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from adjacent weather stations. Dawn-to-dusk stomatal conductance (Gs) was measured several times during the season at all locations. Trees were watered daily. At the end of the season, total tree leaf area was collected and used to normalize volumetric water use data to depth units. Tsw was highest in Florida, up to 4 mm/day, as was maximum daily Gs. Tsw only reached 2.5 mm/day in Texas and Utah due in part to stomatal sensitivity to high vapor pressure deficits that moderated transpiration. There was no relationship between Tsw and ETo at ETo levels above 4 mm/day in Texas and Utah, resulting in substantial scatter in the water needs index multiplier relative to ETo that centered on 0.3 in Texas and 0.4 in Utah. Tsw in Florida showed an upper boundary relationship with ETo, under which it varied considerably, resulting in a values relative to ETo centered on 0.6. During a partial dry down in Utah, morning Gs was unaffected while afternoon Gs declined progressively under mild water stress, resulting multiplier values of 0.15-2. The study shows that regional climate affects tree water use independent of effects measured in ETo, increasing the uncertainty of sweetgum water use estimated as a function of ETo.

scholarly journals Measurement of Mass Flow Rate of Sap in Ligustrum japonicum

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Heilman ◽  
J.M. Ham
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Ligustrum Japonicum ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Fluctuating Irradiance ◽  
Sap Flow Measurements ◽  
The Heat Balance

The heat balance method of measuring mass flow of sap was tested on wax leaf ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) to evaluate its usefulness for measuring water use in shrubs. Sap flow measurements were compared with gravimetric estimates of transpiration in growth chamber and field environments. Sap flow measurements in both environments were within 10% of transpiration, which compared favorably with results reported for herbaceous plants by other researchers. Sizable differences in sap flow, due mainly to differences in leaf area, were found among five plants tested in the field. When flow was expressed on a unit leaf-area basis, differences among plants were greatly reduced. Measurements under partly cloudy skies with fluctuating irradiance showed that changes in sap flow matched those occurring in irradiance.

FIELD EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN PEAS SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO2 EXCHANGE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MAHON
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis

Six genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum L.), selected for either high or low CO2 exchange rate per unit leaf area (CER) on the basis of field measurements, were grown in field plots during 1978 and 1979. During two growing seasons, CER was determined in leaves of different physiological age at several times of the day and season. Dry weights, leaf areas and node numbers were determined 4, 7 and 10 wk after planting, and again after pod ripening. C2H2 reduction by detached roots was measured 5, 6, 8 and 9 wk after planting. Despite the large variability in CER with years, leaf numbers, and times of measurement, the mean CER of the three genotypes selected for high rates was always greater than that of the low selected group. CER was significantly correlated with growth per unit leaf area (E) and the high to low group ratios averaged 1.4 for CER and 1.3 for E. C2H2 reduction on an equivalent leaf area basis was not different in the two groups. On a land area basis, the low CER group had a significantly greater leaf area index which compensated for the decreased CER, and estimates of total CO2 exchange, growth and C2H2 reduction were similar in the two groups. Total aboveground dry matter and seed yields were greater in the low CER group, but harvest index was generally greater in those genotypes selected for high CER.

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Spinach to Salinity: Implications of K+ Nutrition for Salt Tolerance

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Chow ◽  
MC Ball ◽  
JM Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Cytochrome F ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Unit Leaf

To compare the effects of K+ under high and low salinity, spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in nutrient solutions containing either 50 mM NaCl (low salinity) or 250 mM NaCl (high salinity), with a diurnal regime of 10 h light (~300 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 23°C) and 14 h dark (15°C). At each level of salinity, the nutrient KCl concentration was 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 mM. The plant and shoot biomass was greater at low salinity than high salinity and increased with the logarithmic increase in nominal K+ concentrations supplied to the roots. Plant and shoot growth were related to the K+ uptake into the leaves, with leaves having a higher K+ content under low salinity than high salinity. Variation of the K+ content in the leaves, induced by the combinations of nutrient KCl concentrations with high or low salinity, were accompanied by changes in the photosynthetic capacity at light- and CO2-saturation per unit leaf area; there was a greater decrease in photosynthetic capacity with decreasing K+ supply to the roots under high salinity than under low salinity. The photosynthetic capacity was in turn highly correlated with the contents of cytochrome f and ATP synthase per unit leaf area. Under conditions of high salinity and low K+ supply, a reduction in the quantum yield of oxygen evolution also occurred, due to malfunction of photosystem II and, apparently, an increased proportion of light absorbed by non-photosynthetic tissue. The decreases in photosynthetic capacity and quantum yield partly account for the lower plant and shoot biomass at high salinity and low nutrient KCl concentrations. Our results suggest strongly that there are higher K+ requirements for shoot growth under high than low salinity conditions, and that high concentrations of Na+ in the leaves may help to maintain turgor, but cannot substitute for adequate K+ levels in the leaves, presumably because K+ is specifically required for protein synthesis. Increasing the K+ supply at the roots can ameliorate reductions in plant and shoot biomass imposed by an increase in salinity.

scholarly journals Variations in leaf physiological properties within Amazon forest canopies

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 4639-4692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lloyd ◽  
S. Patiño ◽  
R. Q. Paiva ◽  
G. B. Nardoto ◽  
C. A. Quesada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis

Abstract. Vertical profiles in leaf mass per unit leaf area (MA), foliar 13C composition (δ13C) and leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were estimated for 204 rain forest trees growing in 57 sites across the Amazon Basin. Data was analysed using a multilevel modelling approach, allowing a separation of gradients within individual tree canopies (intra-tree gradients) as opposed to stand level gradients occurring because of systematic differences occurring between different trees of different heights (inter-tree gradients). Significant positive intra-tree gradients (i.e. increasing values with increasing sampling height) were observed for MA and [C]DW (the subscript denoting on a dry weight basis) with negative intra-tree gradients observed for δ13C, [Mg]DW and [K]DW. No significant intra-tree gradients were observed for [N]DW, [P]DW or [Ca]DW. Although the magnitudes of inter-tree gradients were not significantly different for MA, δ13C, [C]DW, [K]DW, [N]DW, [P]DW and [Ca]DW, for [Mg]DW there no systematic difference observed between trees of different heights, this being in contrast to the strongly negative intra-tree gradients also found to exist. When expressed on a leaf area basis, significant positive gradients were observed for N, P and K both within and between trees, these being attributable to the positive intra- and inter-tree gradients in MA mentioned above. No systematic intra-tree gradient was observed for either Ca or Mg when expressed on a leaf area basis, but with a significant positive gradient observed for Mg between trees (i.e. with taller trees tending to have a higher Mg per unit area). In contrast to the other variables measured, significant variations in intra-tree gradients for different individuals were found to exist for MA, δ13C and [P] (area basis). This was best associated with the overall average area based [P], this also being considered to be a surrogate for a leaf's photosynthetic capacity, Amax. A new model is presented which is in agreement with the above observations. The model predicts that trees characterised by a low upper canopy Amax should have shallow or even non-existent gradients in Amax, with optimal intra-canopy gradients becoming sharper as a tree's upper canopy Amax increases. Nevertheless, in all cases it is predicted that the optimal within-canopy gradients in Amax should be less than is generally observed for photon irradiance. Although this is consistent with numerous observations, it is also in contrast to previously held notions of optimality.

Aboveground production efficiency and canopy nutrient contents of mixed-hardwood forest communities along a moisture gradient in the central United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2214-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibu Jose ◽  
Andrew R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Moisture Gradient ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Area Basis

The significance of canopy nutrients in regulating aboveground production efficiency of mixed-hardwood forest communities (ecological land type phases, ELTPs) was examined along a moisture gradient in southern Indiana, U.S.A. A total of 39 plots were established in six ELTPs in which canopy specific leaf area, canopy nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg on unit leaf area basis and on unit leaf weight basis), light transmittance, aboveground net primary productivity, and production efficiency (on unit leaf area basis, i.e., Earea; and on unit leaf weight basis, i.e., Emass) were quantified. ELTPs exhibited significant differences in canopy specific leaf area and aboveground net primary productivity. Although Earea varied significantly among ELTPs, Emass exhibited no significant differences. Variation in canopy specific leaf area was significantly correlated with ELTP site water balance (R2 = 0.93, p = 0.0083). Along a decreasing moisture gradient, canopy specific leaf area decreased, which resulted in an increase in canopy nutrient content per unit leaf area. Canopy nutrient contents (N, P, and K) in turn exhibited strong positive correlations with Earea (no strong correlations with Emass), which increased along a decreasing moisture gradient. Higher canopy nutrient contents coupled with higher light transmittance through the canopy probably results in a higher canopy photosynthetic efficiency (area basis) in dry ELTPs. This is suggested as one of the reasons for higher Earea in dry ELTPs than in mesic ELTPs.

Carbon Production of Sunflower Cultivars in Field and Controlled Environments. I. Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Leaves, Stems and Heads

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
GA Constable
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Quantum Flux ◽  
Use Efficiency

Commercial cultivars of sunflower were grown either with adequate water in glasshouses, or in the field using stored moisture or with supplementary irrigation. Diurnal measurements of photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration and water use efficiency were made as leaves expanded and aged: several leaf positions of each cultivar and treatment were examined throughout the season. Responses to quantum flux density were also determined. Comparable treatments in the field and glasshouse gave similar results and any differences in gas exchange per unit leaf area among cultivars were very small. All leaves, regardless of position on the plant had the same age-determined pattern of gas exchange per unit leaf area. Rates peaked some 10-12 days after leaves were 5 cm2 and had fallen to 50% of these values 50 days later: the decline was slightly faster in field canopies. Instantaneous rates of photosynthesis were occasionally reduced in plants growing on stored moisture when leaf water potential fell below 1.0 MPa, but on a diurnal scale these reductions were small. Water use efficiency declined with leaf age though under saturating light the decline was only 13% in 60 days: efficiency was markedly reduced at quantum flux densities below 800 �E m-2 s-1. The contribution of heads and stems to photosynthesis and transpiration throughout grain growth is discussed. It is concluded that the water use efficiency of sunflower in the short term is similar to that of other C3 species in spite of the high rates of gas exchange of sunflower. On a diurnal basis, its characteristic of maintaining open stomata under conditions of high evaporative demand results in poor water economy. Sunflower appears to be set to maximize carbon fixation per unit leaf area almost regardless of conditions.

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