Growth and development at cold-hardening temperatures. Pigment and benzoquinone accumulation in winter rye

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Krol ◽  
Norman P. A. Huner
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Leaf Ontogeny ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis

Accumulation of chlorophyll, the carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin), and the benzoquinones (plastoquinone A and α-tocopherol) were monitored in 'Puma' rye as a function of leaf ontogeny at warm and cold-hardening temperatures. Although the kinetics of accumulation differed among the leaves of warm-grown plants, the initial and maximum levels of the pigments and benzoquinones expressed on a leaf area basis did not differ significantly among the first four leaves of the main culm. In contrast, the third and fourth leaf of cold-grown plants, which developed completely at the low temperature, generally exhibited initial and maximum pigment and benzoquinone levels 60–300% greater than was observed for leaf 1 and 2 of cold-grown plants, which were completely or partially developed at the warm temperature regime. This resulted in pigment and benzoquinone levels which were 1.6- to 3-fold greater in the plants grown at cold-hardening temperatures than those grown at the warm temperature, when expressed on a per unit leaf area basis. However, when pigment accumulation was calculated on a chlorophyll basis, the benzoquinone content of leaves that developed solely at cold-hardening temperatures exhibited a 1.7-fold increase over the same leaves developed at warm temperatures. Carotenoids did not exhibit this trend. Calculations based on chlorophyll/carotenoid content and dry weight accumulation indicated that leaves that were developed at cold-hardening temperatures appeared to produce more dry matter per unit of photosynthetic pigments than the same leaves that were developed at nonhardening temperatures.

An appropriate physiological control for environmental temperature studies: comparative growth kinetics of winter rye

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krol ◽  
M. Griffith ◽  
N. P. A. Huner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The accurate interpretation of physiological and biochemical alterations observed in plants grown under contrasting environmental conditions requires knowledge of their relative physiological ages. For this purpose, we compared the growth kinetics of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) at nonhardening and cold-hardening temperatures. Growth at nonhardening temperatures was characterized by a 10-day lag phase with the attainment of maximum growth after about 28 days. Growth at cold-hardening temperatures resulted in an extension of the lag phase to about 21 days with maximum growth being attained after 56 days. The calculated growth coefficient at cold-hardening temperatures was 35–40% of that at nonhardening temperatures. This relationship was consistent with growth parameters such as leaf dry weight, fresh weight, and area, but not with plant height. Although total leaf dry weight and total number of leaves per plant did not differ between nonhardened and cold-hardened plants at maximum growth, total leaf area per plant and stretched plant height was 3- to 4-times greater in nonhardened than in cold-hardened plants. This resulted in a fourfold increase in leaf dry weight per leaf area during growth at low temperature in contrast to the maintenance of a constant ratio during growth at nonhardening conditions. The increase in this ratio during low temperature growth was, in part, accounted for by a decrease in water content and an increase in cytoplasmic content. These results were confirmed by the investigation of growth on an individual leaf basis. However, the growth response of leaves 1 and 2 differed from that of leaves 3 and 4 when the leaf dry weight: leaf area ratio was measured as a function of time at cold-hardening temperatures. This indicates that the stage of leaf development influences its growth response to an altered environment. The results of the development of leaf freezing tolerance indicated that maximum vegetative growth appeared to coincide with maximum freezing tolerance of leaves from cold-hardened plants (−22 °C) but not of leaves from unhardened plants (−11 °C).

scholarly journals Variations in leaf physiological properties within Amazon forest canopies

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 4639-4692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lloyd ◽  
S. Patiño ◽  
R. Q. Paiva ◽  
G. B. Nardoto ◽  
C. A. Quesada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis

Abstract. Vertical profiles in leaf mass per unit leaf area (MA), foliar 13C composition (δ13C) and leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were estimated for 204 rain forest trees growing in 57 sites across the Amazon Basin. Data was analysed using a multilevel modelling approach, allowing a separation of gradients within individual tree canopies (intra-tree gradients) as opposed to stand level gradients occurring because of systematic differences occurring between different trees of different heights (inter-tree gradients). Significant positive intra-tree gradients (i.e. increasing values with increasing sampling height) were observed for MA and [C]DW (the subscript denoting on a dry weight basis) with negative intra-tree gradients observed for δ13C, [Mg]DW and [K]DW. No significant intra-tree gradients were observed for [N]DW, [P]DW or [Ca]DW. Although the magnitudes of inter-tree gradients were not significantly different for MA, δ13C, [C]DW, [K]DW, [N]DW, [P]DW and [Ca]DW, for [Mg]DW there no systematic difference observed between trees of different heights, this being in contrast to the strongly negative intra-tree gradients also found to exist. When expressed on a leaf area basis, significant positive gradients were observed for N, P and K both within and between trees, these being attributable to the positive intra- and inter-tree gradients in MA mentioned above. No systematic intra-tree gradient was observed for either Ca or Mg when expressed on a leaf area basis, but with a significant positive gradient observed for Mg between trees (i.e. with taller trees tending to have a higher Mg per unit area). In contrast to the other variables measured, significant variations in intra-tree gradients for different individuals were found to exist for MA, δ13C and [P] (area basis). This was best associated with the overall average area based [P], this also being considered to be a surrogate for a leaf's photosynthetic capacity, Amax. A new model is presented which is in agreement with the above observations. The model predicts that trees characterised by a low upper canopy Amax should have shallow or even non-existent gradients in Amax, with optimal intra-canopy gradients becoming sharper as a tree's upper canopy Amax increases. Nevertheless, in all cases it is predicted that the optimal within-canopy gradients in Amax should be less than is generally observed for photon irradiance. Although this is consistent with numerous observations, it is also in contrast to previously held notions of optimality.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Gas Exchange in Coffea arabica During Adjustment to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
C Crisosto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Area Basis

Although carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been reported to decline in plants growing under reduced soil moisture, there is little information available concerning the dynamics of adjustments in Δ and gas exchange following a change in soil water availability. In this study Δ, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth were monitored in container-grown coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants for 120 days under three soil moisture regimes. At the end of 120 d, total leaf area of plants irrigated twice weekly was one half that of plants irrigated twice daily, although their assimilation rates on a unit leaf area basis were nearly equal throughout the experiment. This suggested that maintenance of nearly constant photosynthetic characteristics on a unit leaf area basis through maintenance of a smaller total leaf area may constitute a major mode of adjustment to reduced soil moisture availability in coffee. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) predicted from foliar Δ values was highest in plants irrigated weekly, intermediate in plants irrigated twice weekly and lowest in plants irrigated twice daily. When instantaneous WUE was estimated from independent measurements of total transpiration per plant and assimilation on a unit leaf area basis, the reverse ranking was obtained. The lack of correspondence between intrinsic and instantaneous WUE was attributed to adjustments in canopy morphology and leaf size in the plants grown under reduced water supply which enhanced transpiration relative to assimilation. Values of Δ predicted from the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure determined during gas exchange measurements were not always consistent with measured foliar Δ. This may have resulted from a patchy distribution of stomatal apertures in plants irrigated weekly and from a lag period between adjustment in gas exchange and subsequent alteration in Δ of expanding leaves. The importance of considering temporal and spatial scales, and previous growth and environmental histories in comparing current single leaf gas exchange behaviour with foliar Δ values is discussed.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis and Photosynthesis Measurements of Cucumber Seedlings Grown under Light with Different Red to Far-red Ratios

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Shibuya ◽  
Ryosuke Endo ◽  
Yoshiaki Kitaya ◽  
Saki Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Normal Light

Light with a higher red to far-red ratio (R:FR) than sunlight reduces plant growth, but the cause has not been firmly established. In the present study, cucumber seedlings were grown under normal light (similar to sunlight; R:FR = 1.4) from metal-halide lamps or high-R:FR light (R:FR = 4.3) created by transmitting their light through FR-absorbing film, and then their growth parameters and photosynthesis were compared. The relative growth rate (RGR) at high R:FR was 92% of that under normal R:FR, although the net assimilation rate (NAR) did not differ between the treatments, indicating that changes in net photosynthesis per unit leaf area did not cause the growth inhibition at high R:FR. The CO2 exchange per unit leaf area did not differ between the treatments, which supports this hypothesis. The leaf area ratio (LAR) of total plant dry weight of high R:FR seedlings to that of normal R:FR seedlings was also 92%. This suggests that growth suppression in the high R:FR seedlings was caused mainly by decreased LAR. The specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR), components of LAR, under high-R:FR light were 89% and 105%, respectively, of those under normal light, indicating that the smaller LAR at high R:FR mainly results from suppressed leaf enlargement per unit leaf dry matter.

scholarly journals Effect of Mulching with Compost on Growth and Physiology of Ulmus ‘FL634’ Planted in an Urban Park

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fini ◽  
Ciro Degl’Innocenti ◽  
Francesco Ferrini
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Total Tree

The effects of mixed compost as mulching material on growth and physiology of newly planted elm trees were evaluated over a three-year period after planting in an urban park. Trees mulched with compost generally had greater height (+10% and +19% for 5 cm layer and 10 cm layer treatments, respectively, if compared to control), trunk diameter (+13% and +29%) and current-year shoot growth (+46% and +56%). Limited effects were found with regard to carbon assimilation when considered on a per unit-leaf-area basis (-0.1% and +0.3%), but whole tree carbon assimilation increased in mulched trees (+7% and +59% for 5 cm and 10 cm treatments, respectively, if compared to control) because of the larger total tree leaf area of mulched plants. Mulching also increased chlorophyll content (+4% and +7% for 5 cm and 10 cm treatments, respectively). The results obtained in this study show how mulching with compost increased growth, carbon storage, and improved water use efficiency of trees planted in an urban environment characterized by hot dry summers.

scholarly journals Modification of Petunia seedling Carbohydrate Partitioning by Irradiance

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1073d-1073
Author(s):  
David F. Grarper ◽  
Will Healy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Oxygen Evolution ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Area Basis

Petunia × hybrida Villm. `Red Flash' plants were irradiated for either 10 or 20 mol day1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in growth chambers using one of the following treatments: 175 μmol m-2 s-1 for 16 h, 350 μmol m-2 s-1 for 8 or 16 h or 350 μmol m-2 s-1 for 8 h plus 8 h incandescent day extension (5 μmol m-2 s-1 PPF). These four treatments were designed to examine the effects of increased peak and total daily integrated PPF as well as increased photosynthetic (Pn) period and photoperiod resulting from supplemental irradiance treatment of seedlings. Previous seedling petunia research indicated a greater response to supplemental lighting during expansion of the second true leaf. Therefore, seedlings were sampled for analysis at the two leaf stage and also later at the four leaf stage to examine effects at a later stage of growth.Increasing total integrated PPF increased total carbohydrate production, seedling dry weight, rate of seedling growth, and acid invertase activity once the seedlings reached the two leaf stage. Increasing total PPF resulted in greater partitioning into ethanol soluble sugars rather than starch at the two leaf stage. Increasing the photoperiod only, with an incandescent day extension treatment, reduced total carbohydrate production at the two leaf stage.Maximal oxygen evolution was observed when seedlings received 350 μmolm-2s-1 for 8 h when expressed on a leaf area or dry weight basis. The use of an 8 h day extension treatment to extend the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h resulted in the lowest rates of oxygen evolution on a leaf area basis.

Effects of Shade on Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Boyd ◽  
Don S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Shade Leaves

Plants started with seed, 'seedlings', and established plants of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav.) were grown in the field under shade levels of 0, 47, 63, and 92% of full sunlight to determine vegetative, reproductive, and physiological responses to shade. Dry-matter production of both 'seedling’ and established plants declined markedly with increasing shade levels. Established plants did not bear fruit under 92% shade, and 63% shade prevented fruit production by 'seedlings'. Taproots of plants grown in full sunlight contained 16% more total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) per gram dry weight than taproots of plants grown under 92% shade. Leaves of established plants grown under moderate shade had significantly more chlorophyll per unit leaf fresh weight than plants grown in full sunlight; however, plants under heavy (92%) shade had 35% less chlorophyll per unit leaf area than unshaded plants. The chlorophylla/bratio of the 92%-shaded plants was significantly less than with other treatments. Leaf area increased, with increasing shade; however, leaf weight per unit area decreased because of thinner leaves. Photosynthetic rates of recently expanded leaves were 10.4, 4.6, 3.3, and 0.9 mg CO2· dm−2· h−1for the 0, 47, 63, and 92% shade treatments, respectively.

Growth Analysis of the Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Seedings of Eucalyptus grandis

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUF Kirschbaum ◽  
DW Bellingham ◽  
RN Cromer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Fixation Rate ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Addition Rate

Eucalyptus grandis seedlings were grown in growth units in which plant roots were suspended in air while continuously being sprayed with nutrient solution (aeroponic system). Phosphorus was added to nutrient solutions in exponentially increasing amounts which determined plant growth. Phosphorus was added at five different relative addition rates. The proportion of dry matter in stems increased with plant size, but was independent of plant internal phosphorus concentration. In contrast, the ratio of root to leaf dry weight decreased almost 2-fold with increasing phosphorus concentration but changed little with plant size, and specific leaf area more than doubled with increasing phosphorus concentration. Carbon fixation rate per unit plant dry weight increased about 5-fold with increasing nutrient addition rate over the range of addition rates used. That increase was due to a doubling in specific leaf area and a doubling in assimilation rate per unit leaf area, while leaf weight as a fraction of total plant dry weight increased by about 20%.

The Growth of Banana Plants in Relation to Temperature

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner ◽  
E Lahav
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Relative Water

Bananas (cv. Williams) were grown for 12 weeks in sunlit growth chambers at day/night temperatures of 17/10, 21/14, 25/18, 29/22, 33/26 or 37/30°C. Humidity was not controlled. At 17/10°C, the plants showed chilling injury and heat injury occurred at 37/30°C. Total plant dry weight was greatest at 25/18°C while leaf area was greatest at 33/26°C. At high temperatures proportionately less dry matter was present in the roots and corm compared with plants at 25/18°C. High temperatures produced more horizontal leaves but, to compensate for this, the laminae folded more readily. Lamina folding was closely associated with relative water content of the laminae, except under cool conditions where laminae folded despite high (97-99%) leaf relative water contents. Unit leaf rate (increase in whole plant dry weight per unit leaf area per unit time) was greatest at 21/14°C (5.8 g m-2 day-1) and least at 37/30°C (1.7 g m-2 day-1.) and had a strong negative association with whole-plant leaf resistance. Leaf relative water content was more closely associated with vapour pressure deficit than temperature and even at 37/30°C was high at 94%.

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