The Effect of Nickel on Hydrogen Cracking Resistance in Low Alloy Steels—A Review

CORROSION ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
True Effect ◽  
Ni Addition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alloy Steels

Abstract Literature is reviewed on the effect of nickel in low alloy steels on their resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. The greatest portion of literature pertains to H2S environments since there is a controversy in the petroleum industry as to the effect of Ni. Addition of greater than 1 % Ni to carbon and low alloy steels is considered to be either detrimental or of no effect in an alloy's resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. This review should provide a starting point from which more organized studies can be performed to evaluate the true effect of Ni on hydrogen cracking resistance.

Effect of Molybdenum on Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-M. Liao ◽  
J.-L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

scholarly journals Effect of Nickel on the Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Ferritic/Pearlitic Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2724 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-818
Author(s):  
Hans Husby ◽  
Philip Wagstaff ◽  
Mariano Iannuzzi ◽  
Roy Johnsen ◽  
Mariano Kappes
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Slow Strain Rate Test ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Rate Test

Nickel additions to low alloy steels improve mechanical and technological properties. However, Part 2 of ISO Standard 15156 limits the nickel content to a maximum of 1 wt% in oil and gas environments containing H2S because of controversial concerns regarding sulfide stress cracking. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of nickel in solid solution in the ferrite phase on hydrogen stress cracking resistance. Ferritic/pearlitic research-grade low alloy steels with nominal nickel contents of 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% were tested by the slow strain rate test method with cathodic hydrogen charging to −1.05 VAg/AgCl and −2 VAg/AgCl. No difference in fracture mode or morphology was found between the alloys. However, the plastic elongation ratios and reduction in area ratios decreased with increasing nickel content when tested at −2 VAg/AgCl. The direct and indirect effects of nickel, such as the influence of an increasing fraction of pearlite with increasing nickel content, are discussed.

Hydrogen stress cracking resistance and hydrogen transport properties of ASTM A508 grade 4N

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3949 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Rodoni ◽  
Andreas Viereckl ◽  
Zakaria Quadir ◽  
Aaron Dodd ◽  
Kim Verbeken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Hydrogen Diffusion ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Low Alloy Steel ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
Alloy Steels

Low alloy steels combine relatively low cost with exceptional mechanical properties, making them commonplace in oil and gas equipment. However, their strength and hardness are restricted for sour environments to prevent different forms of hydrogen embrittlement. Materials used in sour services are regulated by the ISO 15156-2 standard, which imposes a maximum hardness of 250 HV (22 HRC) and allows up to 1.0 wt% Ni additions due to hydrogen embrittlement concerns. Low alloy steels that exceed the ISO 15156-2 limit have to be qualified for service, lowering their commercial appeal. As a result, high-performing, usually high-nickel, low alloy steels used successfully in other industries are rarely considered for sour service. In this work, the hydrogen stress cracking resistance of the high-nickel (3.41 wt%), quenched and tempered, nuclear-grade ASTM A508 Gr.4N low alloy steel was investigated using slow strain rate testing as a function of applied cathodic potential. Results showed that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were unaffected by hydrogen, even at a high negative potential of -2.00 V<sub>Ag/AgCl</sub>. Hydrogen embrittlement effects were observed once the material started necking, manifested by a loss in ductility with increasing applied cathodic potentials. Indeed, A508 Gr.4N was less affected by hydrogen at high cathodic potentials than a low-strength (yield strength = 340 MPa) ferritic-pearlitic low alloy steel of similar nickel content. Additionally, hydrogen diffusivity was measured using the hydrogen permeation test. The calculated hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the ASTM A508 Gr.4N was two orders of magnitude smaller when compared to that of ferritic-pearlitic steels. Hydrogen embrittlement and diffusion results were linked to the microstructure features. The microstructure consisted in a bainitic/martensitic matrix with the presence of Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbides as well as Mo and V-rich precipitates, which might have played a role in retarding hydrogen diffusion, kept responsible for the improved HE resistance.

Effects of Mn, P, and mo on sulfide stress cracking resistance of high strength low alloy steels

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2171-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Asahi ◽  
Yasuo Sogo ◽  
Masakatsu Ueno ◽  
Hirokichi Higashiyama
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Environmental Cracking Susceptibility of Low-Alloy Steels Under a High H2S Pressure and High-Temperature Sour Environment

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2669 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kobayashi ◽  
Tomohiko Omura ◽  
Atsushi Souma ◽  
Taro Ohe ◽  
Hisashi Amaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grade Material ◽  
Point Bend

Environmental cracking (EC) susceptibility of low-alloy steels with a specified minimum yield strength of 655 MPa (95 ksi) and 758 MPa (110 ksi) manufactured by quenching and tempering heat treatments was investigated in high H2S partial pressures (more than 1.0 MPa) using four-point bend tests in autoclaves. The H2S partial pressures and testing temperatures varied from 1.0 MPa to 10 MPa and 24°C to 150°C, respectively. Materials of grades 95 ksi and 110 ksi containing high Cr and Mo showed no macrocracking under all tested conditions. Localized corrosion occurred at several locations after exposure for 1 month under high H2S pressure and high-temperature conditions. It was concluded that the localized corrosion did not form macrocracking even after long-term (3 months) immersion tests. On the other hand, 110 ksi grade material containing low Cr and Mo suffered from sulfide stress cracking at low temperatures (below 66°C) and at an H2S pressure of 1.0 MPa. The material also showed EC at an H2S pressure of 10 MPa and temperature from 107°C to 150°C. The difference of EC susceptibility among the materials is discussed based on corrosion reactions, hydrogen absorption, and morphologies of the corrosion products on the steel surface.

A Method for Improving Hydrogen Sulfide Accelerated Cracking Resistance of Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 380-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. SNAPE ◽  
F. W. SCHALLER ◽  
R. M. FORBES JONES
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Alloy Steels

Low Alloy Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

CORROSION ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Yoshino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hydrogen Absorption ◽  
Carbide Precipitation ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Matrix Interface ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Carbide Matrix ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Abstract The effect of chemical composition on the behavior of low alloy steels in a hydrogen sulfide environment was studied with regard to corrosion, hydrogen absorption, and sulfide stress cracking. Results were interpreted in connection with microstructure and carbide precipitation. The addition of chromium results in the promotion of hydrogen absorption presumably due to the precipitation of incoherent carbides, thereby reducing, in general, the resistance to SSC. Fine coherent carbides appear to be beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to SSC resistance; e.g., Mo2C, VC, TiC, and NbC. Microstructure seems to affect both hydrogen absorption and SSC resistance largely through the trapping behavior of hydrogen at the carbide/matrix interface.

Delamination susceptibility and cracking resistance of reinforced quasimomolithic low-alloy steels

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
V. M. Goritskii ◽  
N. E. Demygin ◽  
K. M. Sofronov ◽  
V. I. Shed
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Alloy Steels

Effect of Molybdenum and Chromium Addition on the Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking of High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. Koh ◽  
J. M. Lee ◽  
B. Y. Yang ◽  
K. Y. Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Chromium Addition ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

The Role of Hydrogen in Sulfide Stress Cracking of Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Berkowitz ◽  
F. H. Heubaum
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking
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