This chapter provides broad brush strokes of Christian mission in the twentieth century, highlighting the emergence of native education, translation, native elites, and nationalism. It reviews the nature of charismatic Christianity, its engagement with expansive American Christianity and the unprecedented change contingent on the expansive globalization and revolution of technology. It surveys important themes such as: the demographic shift of Christianity, the rise of religio-cultural fundamentalism, women’s empowerment, the global movement of peoples, rising socio-economic inequality and conflicts of many types. In the face of a growing moratorium on Christian foreign missions, minority world missionary agencies were forced to deal with growing grass-roots missions movements, and to hand over agency of the Christian project in many localities around the world. Rising nationalist movements, fuelled by native educational efforts, informed a turn to contextualizing theologies, in which women and the Pentecostal upsurge have played an important role.