Self-reports of prescription opioid abuse and diversion among recreational opioid users in a Canadian and a United States city

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Setnik, PhD ◽  
Carl L. Roland, PharmD, MS ◽  
Veeraindar Goli, MD ◽  
Glenn C. Pixton, MS ◽  
Naama Levy-Cooperman, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
The Us ◽  
Opioid Users ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Objective: To explore behaviors related to prescription opioid abuse and diversion in individuals who self-reported past recreational (nonmedical) opioid use.Design: A questionnaire was developed and included in two abuse potential clinical studies conducted in Canada (Toronto, ON, August 2010 to January, 2011) and the United States (Salt Lake City, UT, February-May 2011).Participants: Recreational opioid users.Main outcome measure(s): Self-reported behaviors related to prescription opioid abuse and diversion.Results: The questionnaire was completed by 174 participants in the Canadian study and 80 participants in the US study. Most participants reported that they used prescription opioids for nonmedical purposes a few times a month. Most had taken their first prescription opioid between the ages of 12 and 24 years and the two most common reasons were to treat pain or to feel high/stoned. When asked about specific opioids taken for nonmedical purposes in the past year, oxycodone, acetaminophen with codeine, and morphine were commonly used by both cohorts, whereas hydrocodone use was substantially greater in the US cohort versus the Canadian cohort. Participants reported various tampering methods and routes of administration, with swallowed whole, crushed and snorted, and chewed/crushed and swallowed as the most prevalent. Most participants indicated taking other drugs with prescription opioids to get high, most commonly marijuana and alcohol. The most common sources for obtaining prescription opioids were family/friends. Conclusions: Two cohorts of recreational opioid users from Canada and the United States reported similar experiences with various prescription opioids and indicated a predominance of diversion from family/friends.

Strategies to reduce prescription opioid abuse in the United States: How have they influenced the epidemic?

2015 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. e129-e130
Author(s):  
Traci Green ◽  
Sarah Bowman ◽  
Cristina Los ◽  
Kimberly McHugh ◽  
Peter Friedmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

scholarly journals Prescription Opioid Abuse and Tampering in the United States: Results of a Self-Report Survey

Pain Medicine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064-2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Vietri ◽  
Ashish V. Joshi ◽  
Alexandra I. Barsdorf ◽  
Jack Mardekian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

scholarly journals Societal Costs of Prescription Opioid Abuse, Dependence, and Misuse in the United States

Pain Medicine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard G. Birnbaum ◽  
Alan G. White ◽  
Matt Schiller ◽  
Tracy Waldman ◽  
Jody M. Cleveland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Characteristics Of Prescription Opioid Abuse In The United States And Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Cicero ◽  
James A. Inciardi ◽  
Hilary L. Surratt ◽  
G. L.A. Horbay ◽  
Joel Bordman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

scholarly journals Prescription Opioid Abuse: A Literature Review of the Clinical and Economic Burden in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 372-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Meyer ◽  
Anisha M. Patel ◽  
Stacy K. Rattana ◽  
Tiffany P. Quock ◽  
Samir H. Mody
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

scholarly journals Declines and pronounced regional disparities in prescription opioid use in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Madera ◽  
Amanda E. Ruffino ◽  
Adriana Feliz ◽  
Kenneth L. McCall ◽  
Brian J. Piper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Prescription Opioid Use

AbstractBackgroundThe United States (US) opioid epidemic is a persistent and pervasive public health emergency as it continues to claim the lives of Americans through addiction and overdose. There have been sustained efforts to reverse this iatrogenic crisis over the past decade. This study analyzed the changes in prescription opioid distribution for pain and identified regional differences between 2010 and 2019.Methods and FindingsOpioid production data was obtained from the DEA’s annual production quotas. Total opioid production has decreased 41.5% from 2013 (87.6 morphine mg equivalent metric tons) to 2019 (51.3). Opioid distribution from 2010 to 2019 was collected for ten prescription opioids (codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and tapentadol) from the US Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System. Regional variance was expressed as the ratio of the 95th to 5th percentiles of opioid distribution per state, corrected for population. The peak year for all ten prescription opioids was identified, individually, as between 2010 and 2013, except for codeine (2015). There was a 51.96% overall decrease in opioid distribution per capita with the largest decrease in Florida (−61.61%) and smallest in Texas (−18.64%). The largest quantities of opioid distribution were observed in Tennessee (520.70 morphine mg equivalent or MME per person) and Delaware (251.45) in 2011 and 2019. The smallest was Nebraska (153.39) in 2011 and Minnesota (90.49) in 2019. The highest to lowest state ratio of total opioid use, corrected for population, was sizable in 2011 (5.25) and 2019 (2.78). Similarly, the mean 95th/5th ratio was relatively stable in from 2011 (4.78 +0.70) and 2019 (5.64+0.98). The 95th/5th ratio in 2019 was greatest for methadone (10.23) and oxymorphone (10.09) and smallest for morphine (2.20) and fentanyl (2.12). Southern states (e.g MS, TN, AL, AK, DE, and NC) had the highest per capita distribution for eight of the ten opioids in 2019. The strength of the correlation between per capita hydrocodone and codeine, and hydromorphone and codeine increased significantly from 2011 to 2019ConclusionsThis study found a decline in total production and distribution for ten prescription opioids during the last half-decade. However, distribution was non-homogeneous at a state level. Analysis of regional differences revealed a three-fold difference in the 95th:5th percentile ratio between states which was unchanged over the past decade. Future research focused on identifying factors contributing to the observed regional variability could prove valuable to understanding, and potentially remediating, the pronounced disparities in prescription opioid use in the US.

Mythologizing Memories: A Critique of the Utah Korean War Memorial

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhi Choi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Korean War ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fiftieth Anniversary ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Lake City

Abstract Since its fiftieth anniversary, memorialization of the Korean War has taken place in towns and cities across the United States. As a case study of this belated memory boom, this essay looks at the Utah Korean War Memorial, erected by local veterans in 2003 at Memory Grove Park, Salt Lake City. Situated in both the local and national contexts of remembrance, the memorial resonates largely with three mythical scripts, with themes of resilience, local pride, and the good war, all of which have allowed veterans to negotiate tensions between individual and collective memories. This case study reveals in particular how the official commemoration of the war has shifted local veterans' rhetorical positions from potential witnesses of subversive realities of the war to uncritical negotiators whose legitimization of the very process of mythologizing memories has ultimately alienated them from their own experiences during and after the war.

scholarly journals Prescription Opioid Usage and Abuse Relationships: An Evaluation of State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Efficacy

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. SART.S2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Reisman ◽  
Pareen J. Shenoy ◽  
Adam J. Atherly ◽  
Christopher R. Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Context The dramatic rise in the use of prescription opioids to treat non-cancer pain has been paralleled by increasing prescription opioid abuse. However, detailed analyses of these trends and programs to address them are lacking. Objective To study the association between state shipments of prescription opioids for medical use and prescription opioid abuse admissions and to assess the effects of state prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on prescription opioid abuse admissions. Design and Setting A retrospective ecological cohort study comparing state prescription opioid shipments (source: Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders Systems database) and inpatient admissions for prescription opioid abuse (source: Treatment Episode Data Set) in 14 states with PDMPs (intervention group) and 36 states without PDMPs (control group) for the period 1997–2003. Results From 1997 to 2003, oxycodone, morphine, and hydrocodone shipments increased by 479%, 100%, and 148% respectively. Increasing prescription oxycodone shipments were significantly associated with increasing prescription opioid admission rates (p < 0.001). PDMP states had significantly lower oxycodone shipments than the control group. PDMP states had less increase in prescription opioid admissions per year (p = 0.063). A patient admitted to an inpatient drug abuse rehabilitation program in a PDMP state was less likely to be admitted for prescription opioid drug abuse (Odds ratio = 0.775, 95% Confidence Interval 0.764–0.785). Conclusions PDMPs appear to decrease the quantity of oxycodone shipments and the prescription opioid admission rate for states with these programs. Overall, opioid shipments rose significantly in PDMP states during the study period indicating a negligible “chilling effect” on physician prescribing.

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