Sea Voyages and the Water-Earth Relationship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
The West ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Late Middle Ages

This chapter argues that it was fifteenth- and sixteenth-century sea voyages especially to the southern hemisphere that ultimately explain why particularly sixteenth-century Europeans re-evaluated the ontological and spatial relationships between water and earth. Though certainly there were some medieval scholars who argued differently, the most prevalent spatial model of the world’s landmasses and waterways in the late middle ages positioned the dry land in the northern hemisphere and placed a large amount of water in the southern hemisphere. As Europeans sailed down the west coast of Africa and to South America, the water that carried them and the texts that circulated about these voyages disproved many of the basic earlier assumptions about the water-earth spatial and ontological relationships.

Encountering Water in Early Modern Europe and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Biblical Commentaries

Both the Christian Bible and Aristotle’s works suggest that water should entirely flood the earth. Though many ancient, medieval, and early modern Europeans relied on these works to understand and explore the relationships between water and earth, sixteenth-century Europeans particularly were especially concerned with why dry land existed. This book investigates why they were so interested in water’s failure to submerge the earth when their predecessors had not been. Analyzing biblical commentaries as well as natural philosophical, geographical, and cosmographical texts from these periods, Lindsay Starkey shows that European sea voyages to the southern hemisphere combined with the traditional methods of European scholarship and religious reformations led sixteenth-century Europeans to reinterpret water and earth’s ontological and spatial relationships. The manner in which they did so also sheds light on how we can respond to our current water crisis before it is too late.

Inuit-European Interactions in Greenland

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Christian Gulløv
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
West Coast ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
The Middle Ages

In every century since the Middle Ages there have been Europeans in Greenland. Medieval Norse farmers settled in the southwestern part of the country and met with Native Greenlanders from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries. From the sixteenth century onward, English and Danish explorers, followed by primarily Dutch whalers, met the Inuit on the west coast of Greenland. In 1721, Greenland was colonized from the double monarchy Denmark-Norway. During the eighteenth century, permanent settlements were established throughout west Greenland, and in the nineteenth century contacts were established with the Inuit on the east coast and in the Thule area.

Amores Prohibidos: The Consequences of the Clash of Juridical Norms in Sixteenth Century Peru

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
The West ◽  
Lao Tzu ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Chinese Philosopher

Laws make criminals.Lao-tzu, Chinese Philosopher(circa sixth century B.C.E.)Fundamental to the establishment of Spanish colonial power in America was the formation of a system of laws and the invention or extension of institutions needed to implement them. In Peru, a more systematic imposition of Spanish regulation began in the 1540s with the introduction of the New Laws (1542), which were directed to the west coast of South America in 1543 by the first appointed Viceroy, the ill-fated peninsular noble, the caballero (gentleman) Blasco Nuñez Vela.

More on the Sculpture of the West Front of Bath Abbey: Christ of the Charter and Antichrist

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-322
Author(s):  
Julian Luxford
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
North Side ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Current Article

AbstractThe iconography of the early sixteenth century sculptural program of Bath Abbey's west front has been shown in a previous article (Religion and the Arts, 4.3 (2000), 313-36) to represent an allegory of spiritual ascent through the virtue of humility and descent through the vice of pride, as explained in chapter seven of the Rule of St Benedict. The current article focuses upon two sculptures largely overlooked by the earlier study, the iconography and positioning of which further substantiates the proposed meaning of the program. One sculpture represents Christ as the Man of Sorrows, holding the Charter of Human Redemption (a devotional text widespread in England during the late Middle Ages). The other represents Antichrist, who was a subject of much speculation during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is argued that Christ, standing on the north side of the west front, constitutes an additional symbol of humility, while Antichrist, standing on the south, makes another reference to pride. The iconography of these figures is further analyzed for its intrinsic interest, that of Antichrist being unusual, Christ holding the Charter of Human Redemption all but unique.

Amores Prohibidos: The Consequences of the Clash of Juridical Norms in Sixteenth Century Peru

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
The West ◽  
Lao Tzu ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Chinese Philosopher

Laws make criminals. Lao-tzu, Chinese Philosopher (circa sixth century B.C.E.) Fundamental to the establishment of Spanish colonial power in America was the formation of a system of laws and the invention or extension of institutions needed to implement them. In Peru, a more systematic imposition of Spanish regulation began in the 1540s with the introduction of the New Laws (1542), which were directed to the west coast of South America in 1543 by the first appointed Viceroy, the ill-fated peninsular noble, the caballero (gentleman) Blasco Nuñez Vela.

The church in the West Highlands in the late middle ages

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
A. D. M. Barrell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Church

scholarly journals HARVARD'S METEOROLOGICAL WORK ON THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

Science ◽  
1898 ◽  
Vol 7 (160) ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
R. DeC. WARD
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West

Tidal Investigations on the West Coast of South America

1943 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
H. A. Marmer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West

Enclosed Gardens of Mechelen

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Religious Women ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Southern Netherlands

During the Late Middle Ages a unique type of ‘mixed media’ recycled and remnant art arose in houses of religious women in the Low Countries: enclosed gardens. They date from the time of Emperor Charles V and are unique examples of ‘anonymous’ female art, devotion and spirituality. A hortus conclusus (or enclosed garden) represents an ideal, paradisiacal world. Enclosed Gardens are retables, sometimes with painted side panels, the central section filled not only with narrative sculpture, but also with all sorts of trinkets and hand-worked textiles.Adornments include relics, wax medallions, gemstones set in silver, pilgrimage souvenirs, parchment banderoles, flowers made from textiles with silk thread, semi-precious stones, pearls and quilling (a decorative technique using rolled paper). The ensemble is an impressive and one-of-a-kind display and presents as an intoxicating garden. The sixteenth-century horti conclusi of the Mechelen Hospital sisters are recognized Masterpieces and are extremely rare, not alone at a Belgian but even at a global level. They are of international significance as they provide evidence of devotion and spirituality in convent communities in the Southern Netherlands in the sixteenth century. They are an extraordinary tangible expression of a devotional tradition. The highly individual visual language of the enclosed gardens contributes to our understanding of what life was like in cloistered communities. They testify to a cultural identity closely linked with mystical traditions allowing us to enter a lost world very much part of the culture of the Southern Netherlands. This book is the first full survey of the enclosed gardens and is the result of year-long academic research.

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