Knowledge Society

This chapter is developed along three conceptual axes: citizenship; knowledge society: transparency; and trust and participation. It begins by explaining the concept of citizenship and its historical roots, the Greek polis and the Roman civitas; the revival of cities in the Late Middle Ages and their consolidation in the Modern Age. It analyzes the citizenship construct with the affirmation of each inhabitant as a citizen involved in improving the several plans of the quality of urban life. The second axis evaluates the characteristics of knowledge societies as promoting factors to a citizenship based on socio-political indicators that build trust between the citizen. The third axis deals with transparency and trust as active disseminators of timely and relevant information to the public and its impact on corruption, as a barrier against a broad citizenship. At the methodological level, the study combines bibliographic research with a field research by questionnaire.

RESULTS OF EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES OF COURT RENAISSANCE THINKERS IN THE CONNECTION OF THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF THE “IDEAL RULER”

The article is devoted to the coverage of the results of pedagogical initiatives of Renaissance thinkers in the context of the problem of educating the “ideal ruler”. In addition to the theoretical development of the image of the “ideal ruler” and ideas for his upbringing, humanists had the opportunity to directly participate in the upbringing of children of nobles in the XIV – XVIth centuries. Thus, the article analyzes the best practices of elite education of the Late Middle Ages according to the author’s methods of court humanists. An important aspect of monitoring the effectiveness and reality of the measures taken by humanists to form the personality of the leader is the characterization of those historical personalities and their biographies with which they were in a “teacher-pupil” relationship. The article traces the results of the educational influences of Renaissance philosophers and educators through the study of the future fate of European authorities, through prosopographic and archontological special-historical methods of scientific knowledge. The imagological approach made it possible to assert that the experience gained by humanist educators in “nurturing statesmen from diapers” had both its achievements (for example, Philip IV the Beautiful and Sigismund Augustus) and its defeats (for example, Ferdinand of Aragon and Mary Tudor). The idea of educating the ruler with their practical Renaissance embodiment in a specific product – the formed personality of a statesman, is an important component of justifying the need to educate modern leaders.

On the Question of Islamization of Ugrian Population in Western Siberia from the sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries and Some Aspects of Study of This Process

Research objectives: The reconstruction of the features of Islamization of the Ugrian population in Western Siberia from the sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries and some controversial points in the research of this process. Research materials: The present study was based on the analysis of published sources: chronicles, memoirs, and archaeological as well as historiographical data. Results and novelty of the research: The penetration of world religions, including Islam, into the taiga and tundra zone of Western Siberia in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern period is a relevant though insufficiently studied line of research. It is directly related to the issues of including these territories into the Russian state. However, in most cases the limited written and archaeological sources, characterizing the process of adoption of Islam by the local population, have led to the discussion adopting the same stereotyped plotlines. Most often, research has looked to characterize various possible factors possibly influencing the process of Islamization led by the representatives of Sufi tariqas, acting in the territory of the Shibanids within the ulus of Jochi, the Tyumen and Siberian Khanate in particular. A significant strengthening of the Muslims’ influence and their activity’s expansion is only revealed in the case of the last one. This process is automatically related to the Ugrian principalities connected with the Khanate, most often not in critical terms. At the same time, the analysis of chronicles mostly shows very limited possibilities of Islamic preaching outside the territory of various groups of Siberian Tatars. In such cases, prea­ching influenced either the representatives of the Ugrian elite alone, or reflected the domestic partnership of the Ugrians with Tatars. Under these conditions, the emergence of new approaches, which O.N. Naumenko and E.A. Naumenko claim in their works, force us to carefully analyze the proposed methods, sources, and results of the study of Islam among the West Siberian Ugrians. The work done in this regard shows that during the period under consideration, the adoption of Islam among the representatives of any groups of the Ob Ugrians would have been isolated incidents. As a rule, such episodes were connected with the elite of this society that was in close cooperation with the aristocracies of the Siberian Khanate. Dwelling in an interconnected way with the Turkic-Tatar population played a great role in this as well. Moreover, after the entry of Western Siberia into the Russian state, the number of such cases did not increase. On the contrary, sources define the Ostyaks and the Voguls as pagans. It is in this context that Orthodox preaching began among them.

Středověká kožedělná produkce z Litovle

Between 1997 and 2017, an extensive collection of approximately 3,500 leather fragments from the second half of the 13th to the 15th century was obtained from archaeological rescue excavations carried out in the historic core of Litovel. Most of the finds come from public areas of the town. Only a few dozen artefacts have been determined in terms of their original function. All the remaining finds can be classified as primary to secondary waste, among which manufacturing waste was often present, indicating the nearby presence of a craft workshop. In the case of Litovel, this has been demonstrated at two sites, and hypothetically at three others. These are specifically shoemaker or cobbler workshops. The leather artefact assemblage from Litovel contains typical representatives of material culture from the High and Late Middle Ages, most often in the form of shoes (high and low cuts, children’s sizes), clothing accessories (belts), equipment (scabbards) and items rarely found elsewhere including unique objects such as a case for wax writing tablets and a face mask.

The Importance of Historical Stages of Construction Within the Context of Sustainable Urban Development of Hadrut City

Preservation of Artsakh's architectural heritage and the issues of use have acquired a special significance today. The historical stages of the construction of the city of Hadrut in Artsakh, and, as a result of their analysis, their impact on the further sustainable development of the city have been revealed. There are 5 main stages: formation, late Middle Ages, from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Soviet and independence periods. Suggestions are given on the territorial development of the city.