Portraying the Princes of the Church

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piers Baker-Bates ◽  
Irene Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Church

This chapter gives a brief overview of the place of cardinal portraits within early modern portraiture as a whole. It explores how certain typologies specific to cardinals evolved in different media over the period. It also considers how these images carried unique meanings and functions that depended on the particular office and duties of the cardinal.

Grace and Freedom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Divine Grace ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
The Will ◽  
Libertarian Freedom ◽  
The Church

Grace and Freedom addresses the issue of divine grace in relation to the freedom of the will in Reformed or “Calvinist” theology in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century with a focus on the work of the English Reformed theologian William Perkins, and his role as an apologist of the Church of England, defending its theology against Roman Catholic polemic, and specifically against the charge that Reformed theology denies human free choice. Perkins and his contemporaries affirmed that salvation occurs by grace alone and that God is the ultimate cause of all things, but they also insisted on the freedom of the human will and specifically the freedom of choice in a way that does not conform to modern notions of libertarian freedom or compatibilism. In developing this position, Perkins drew on the thought of various Reformers such as Peter Martyr Vermigli and Zacharias Ursinus, on the nuanced positions of medieval scholastics, and on several contemporary Roman Catholic representatives of the so-called second scholasticism. His work was a major contribution to early modern Reformed thought both in England and on the continent. His influence in England extended both to the Reformed heritage of the Church of England and to English Puritanism. On the Continent, his work contributed to the main lines of Reformed orthodoxy and to the piety of the Dutch Second Reformation.

scholarly journals Dissimulation and Memory in Early Modern Poland-Lithuania: the Art of Forgetting

Slavic Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ivanova ◽  
Michelle R. Viise
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Mission Work ◽  
The Church ◽  
Positive Reason

The most well-known practitioner of dissimulation among early modern Christians of the Eastern Rite is Meletii Smotryts'kyi (ca. 1577–1633), the Orthodox archbishop of Polatsk (in modern-day Belarus), who was suspected of being a Uniate for several years before he was openly charged with apostasy during a council of the Orthodox hierarchy of Poland-Lithuania in August of 1628. For the previous year Smotryts'kyi had lived a double life, outwardly an Orthodox archbishop but secretly a Uniate, having formally accepted the Union with Rome on July 6, 1627. In this period of clandestine Uniatism and the years leading up to it, during which he flirted with conversion, Smotryts'kyi fulfilled his official duties, playing a leading role in Orthodox synods and risking exposure that would bring public disgrace and even physical harm. Smotryts'kyi had a positive reason for keeping his conversion secret: he argued that the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition should allow him to remain in office as an Orthodox bishop so that he might convene a council of the Orthodox hierarchy and elite and, “received as a schismatic [an Orthodox], would be able to set forth and to explain the twofold causes of the present discord of the Church & and to cause doubt for them in the schismatic faith (through the reasons that had taught him himself that there was no contradiction in thing [essence], only in words, between the holy Greek and Latin fathers).” Smotryts'kyi concluded his request for secrecy by comparing his situation with that of Jesuits engaged in mission work with non-Christians: “Wherefore, indeed, if the fathers of the Society of Jesus and the other priests in India can live with the heathens in secular habit, this should cause no one scandal, especially since, with God’s help, we will hope for the much greater fruit of holy Union from his hidden Catholicism & than if he were now known by all.”

СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ПРОТИВ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ИГРОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Ирина Семеновна Слепцова
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Gaming Culture ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church

Статья посвящена рассмотрению произведений литературы Древней и Средневековой Руси и раннего Нового времени, направленных против языческих верований и практик, как источника для описания игровой культуры. Привлекаются главным образом нормативные, канонические и дидактические сочинения, а также исповедные тексты, в которых содержатся сведения о развлечениях и играх. Основное внимание уделено играм в узком смысле слова (играм с правилами), как наименее изученному феномену культуры данного исторического периода. Это расширяет представления об игровом репертуаре, месте и статусе игры в празднично-обрядовой и повседневной жизни, а также дает возможность проследить процесс десакрализации игры, ее переход в сферу «мирского». Выявленные в письменных памятниках сведения об игровой культуре Средневековья и раннего Нового времени раскрывают их включенность в языческую обрядность и демонстрируют связь с магическими практиками, что было основанием для их преследования и запрещения. Это обстоятельство определяет ограниченность использования данных источников для реконструкции игрового репертуара. В список игр попадают только те, которые расценивались церковью как языческие или нарушавшие социальный порядок и нравственные правила. Упомянутые в древнерусских и средневековых источниках формы народного веселья обнаруживают истоки ряда народных игр, бытовавших в XIX–ХХ вв., и объясняют их включенность в календарную обрядность. The article is devoted to the consideration of the works of literature of Ancient and Medieval Russia and the early modern era, directed against pagan beliefs and practices, as a source for describing the game culture. Mainly normative, canonical and didactic compositions are used, as well as confessional texts, which contain information about entertainment and games. The main attention is paid to games in the narrow sense of the word (games with rules), as the least studied cultural phenomenon of this historical period. This expands the understanding of the game repertoire, the place and status of the game in festive and ceremonial and everyday life, and also makes it possible to trace the process of desacralization of the game, its transition into the sphere of the «worldly». The information about the gaming culture of the Middle Ages and the early modern times revealed in written monuments reveals their involvement in pagan rituals and demonstrates a connection with magical practices, which was the basis for their persecution and prohibition. This circumstance determines the limited use of these sources for the reconstruction of the playing repertoire. The list of games includes only those that were regarded by the church as pagan or violating social order and moral rules. The forms of folk fun mentioned in ancient Russian and medieval sources reveal the origins of a number of folk games that existed in the 19th – 20th centuries and explain their inclusion in calendar rituals.

Past Belief

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Anthony Grafton
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

This chapter examines the centrality of early modern ecclesiastical history, written by Catholics as well as Protestants, in the refinement of research techniques and practices anticipatory of modern scholarship. To Christians of all varieties, getting the Church's early history right mattered. Eusebius's fourth-century history of the Church opened a royal road into the subject, but he made mistakes, and it was important to be able to ferret them out. Saint Augustine was recognized as a sure-footed guide to the truth about the Church's original and bedrock beliefs, but some of the Saint's writings were spurious, and it was important to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. To distinguish true belief from false, teams of religious scholars gathered documents; the documents in turn were subjected to skeptical scrutiny and philological critique; and sources were compared and cited. The practices of humanistic scholarship, it turns out, came from within the Catholic Church itself as it examined its own past.

Beyond the Kirk Session: Mixed Economies of Relief

2018 ◽  
pp. 206-235
Author(s):  
John McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
European Research ◽  
Mixed Economy ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Relief System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

While the focus in the previous two sections is on the formal relief system operated by the church in the localities, on the poor who received relief, and on the relationship between them, the final chapter of the book turns to consider the wider context of relief. Recent European research has demonstrated the significance of mixed economies of relief, as well as developing growing attempts to trace the lives and survival strategies of the poor on their own terms, and not merely as recipients of charity. This section applies these two trends to the Scottish experience, and contextualises the church’s relief work through an examination of the relief provided by secular authorities; hospitals; and private individuals; and the informal survival strategies employed by the poor themselves. The chapter argues that the kirk session was at the centre of the mixed economy of relief, and was by far the most significant source of support for early modern Scots in need of assistance, and furthermore that the kirk session was often instrumental in supporting, working with, and developing these other forms of relief (hospitals, testamentary charity and foundations).

The Early Modern Cardinal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Pattenden
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Church

This chapter sets out the historical context to the cardinal as a subject of portraiture. It engages recent historiography to explain how the cardinal’s function and role in the Roman Curia, including his relationship to the pope, developed from the fifteenth century onwards, and how this was reflected in the range of men who occupied the cardinal’s office. The Sacred College changed substantially over these centuries, with its proud ‘princes of the Church’ giving way to an altogether humbler breed of Counter-Reformation cleric. Naturally, this affected both how cardinals depicted themselves and how they and others used their depictions.

The Established Church

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-148
Author(s):  
Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Great Benefit ◽  
Church Of Ireland ◽  
Complete Exclusion ◽  
The Church ◽  
Established Church

Chapter 4 provides an overview of the role played by migration in creating the Church of Ireland and its body of adherents. It discusses the manner in which secular Protestants derived great benefit from their religion and the manner in which they came to emphasize religious ‘reliability’ as a touchstone of loyalty, and the central role of the rebellion of 1641 in developing Irish Protestants’ understanding of their situation and role in Ireland. The chapter demonstrates the profoundly migratory character of Early Modern Irish Protestantism and the manner in which its leadership was dominated primarily by British-born bishops and then secondarily by New English migrants, to the almost complete exclusion of figures of native provenance. As a result, both the church and its community acquired a migrant stamp which contributed to its evangelical inefficacy in Ireland.

scholarly journals “Equal Rites”: Fragmenting and Healing Bodies in the Early Modern Bay of Kotor

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Milena Ulčar
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Common People ◽  
Private Households ◽  
The Church

The aim of this paper is to examine the exchange of practices that developed when treating the bodies of ordinary laymen and those of saints. Body parts that had been obtained in unorthodox ways were used in private households in a manner strongly resembling the official methods of relic veneration. Conversely, the church authorities carried out repairs to damaged reliquaries by adopting an approach that mirrored the ways in which common people were healed in their homes (the application of holy images, use of votive gifts, etc.).

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