scholarly journals Administrative Law Challenges of Post-Clearance Audit in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-249
Author(s):  
Vuk Cucić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
The Law ◽  
Customs Administration ◽  
Fast Release

Most imported/exported goods are not controlled by customs authorities at the border. This allows for the fast release of goods and the better functioning of international trade. The backbone of this system consists of customs declarations filed by the importers/exporters, selective control at the border, based on risk assessment, and the post-clearance audit (PCA) of the accepted customs declarations. This pape r deals with the questionable practice of the Serbian Customs Administration with regard to the conducting of the PCA, particularly its relation with the Law on General Administrative Procedure and the issues related to the classification of goods according to customs tariff. The author identifies issues regarding the transparency, interpretation and implementation of the PCA in Serbia and contests the (internationally recognized) practice of changing the classification of goods in accepted customs declarations. The author proposes possible solutions for identified challenges.

KEBIJAKAN KRIMINALISASI DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG DI BIDANG POLITIK

Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1592
Author(s):  
Hanafi Amrani
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Law

AbstrakArtikel ini membahas dua permasalahan pokok: pertama, kriteria yang digunakan oleh pembentuk undang-undang di bidang politik dalam menetapkan suatu perbuatan sebagai perbuatan pidana (kriminalisasi); dan kedua, fungsi sanksi pidana dalam undang-undang di bidang politik. Terkait dengan kriminalisasi, undang-undang di bidang politik yang termasuk ke dalam hukum administrasi, maka pertimbangan dari pembuat undang-undang tentu saja tidak sekedar kriminalisasi sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan hukum pidana dalam arti sebenarnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan adanya pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu. Pertama, perbuatan yang dilarang dalam hukum pidana administrasi lebih berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala prohibita, sedangkan dalam ketentuan hukum pidana yang sesungguhnya berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala in se. Kedua, sebagai konsekuensi dari adanya penggolongan dua kategori kejahatan tersebut, maka pertimbangan yang dijadikan acuan juga akan berbeda. Untuk yang pertama (mala prohibita), sanksi pidana itu dibutuhkan untuk menjamin ditegakkannya hukum administrasi tersebut. Dalam hal ini sanksi pidana berfungsi sebagai pengendali dan pengontrol tingkah laku individu untuk mencapai suatu keadaan yang diinginkan. Sedangkan untuk yang kedua (mala in se), fungsi hukum pidana dan sanksi pidana lebih berorientasi pada melindungi dan mempertahankan nilai-nilai moral yang tertanam di masyarakat tempat di mana hukum itu diberlakukan atau ditegakkan. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Kriminalisasi, Undang-Undang PolitikThis article discusses two main problems: firstly, the criteria used by the legislators in the field of politics in determining an act as a criminal act (criminalization); secondly, the function of criminal sanctions in legislation in the field of politics. Associated with criminalization, legislation in the field of politics that is included in administrative law, the consideration of the legislators of course not just criminalization as stipulated in the provisions of criminal law in the true sense. This is due to certain considerations. Firstly, the act which is forbidden in the administration of criminal law is more oriented to act is malum prohibitum offences, whereas in actual criminal law provisions in the act are mala in se offences. Secondly, as a consequence of the existence of two categories of classification of the crime, then consideration will also vary as a reference. For the first (mala prohibita), criminal sanctions are needed to ensure the enforcement of the administrative law. In this case the criminal sanction serves as controller and controlling the behavior of individuals to achieve a desired state. As for the second (mala in se), the function of criminal law and criminal sanctions is more oriented to protect and maintain the moral values that are embedded in a society where the law was enacted or enforced.

scholarly journals “Public Administration” in the Latvian and Ukrainian Administrative and Legal Traditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (17) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Elena Agapova ◽  
Karina Palkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
American Law ◽  
Governmental Power ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Public administration has been studied in this article from the position of administrative and legal science. The implementation of great contribution in the formation of “Public administration” theory by American law schools, which have provided a basis of modern scientific approaches, has been emphasised by the Author. During the analysis of Ukrainian and Latvian scientists’ approaches remarks on understanding of public administration, strong connection between administrative law and public administration has been revealed by the Authors. It has been established that both Latvian and Ukrainian administrative law scientists have similar approaches to understanding public administration. It has been identified as the form of realisation of the executive branch of governmental power. The functioning of public administration in the Republic of Latvia is based on the principles of the rule of law. The Author stresses that Ukraine, during holding on the reform of public administration, applies SIGMA recommendations (Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries). The efficiency of the SIGMA programme in Ukraine has been proved, within the framework of which Ukrainian legislation has been brought into line and new laws have been adopted (the Law of Ukraine On Civil Service, the Law of Ukraine On Administrative Procedure). It is concluded that administrative law is one of the main tools through which public administration is carried out in the Republic of Latvia and Ukraine. Rakstā ir analizēts valsts pārvaldes institūts un tā kopīgās un atšķirīgās iezīmes Latvijas un Ukrainas kontekstā, veicot zinātnieku viedokļu analīzi un īpaši uzsverot lielo Amerikas Savienoto Valstu zinātnisko ieguldījumu valsts pārvaldes teorijas veidošanā, kas ir pamats mūsdienu zinātniskajām pieejām. Saskaņā ar Valsts pārvaldes iekārtas likumu Latvijā valsts pārvalde ir organizēta vienotā hierarhiskā sistēmā, un neviena iestāde vai pārvaldes amatpersona nevar atrasties ārpus šīs sistēmas. Valsts pārvaldes darbība Latvijā balstās uz likuma varas principiem. Savukārt Ukrainas pieeja valsts pārvaldes politikas īstenošanai ir atšķirīga, respektīvi, pārvaldes reformas ietvaros Ukraina īsteno SIGMA (Support for Improvement in Governance and Management) sniegtus ieteikumus, kā rezultātā Ukrainas tiesību aktos ir veiktas jaunas iestrādes un pieņemta virkne jaunu likumu, piemēram, Ukrainas likums “Par civildienestu” un Ukrainas likums “Par administratīvo procesu”. Darba nobeigumā secināts, ka, neraugoties uz valstu tiesību sistēmu atšķirībām, administratīvās tiesības ir viens no galvenajiem instrumentiem, ar kuru starpniecību Latvijas Republikā un Ukrainā tiek realizēta valsts pārvaldes funkcija.

scholarly journals EXECUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS ACCORDING TO SWISS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Marc Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Debt Enforcement

This contribution elaborates on the rather seldom treated topic of “execution” of administrative acts which lies at the interface between the administrative law and the law on administrative procedure. Special importance hereby is attributed to remedies against decisions on the enforcement of administrative acts and other types of injunction, that are in connection with a threat of punishment in accordance with Article 292 of the Swiss Penal Code. With reference to a recent judgment of the Swiss Federal Administrative Court, the law on debt enforcement and bankruptcy is also explained pointing out the difference between the enforcement of administrative acts and the execution of contractual claims on the part of public authorities.

scholarly journals Regards sur le droit administratif suisse

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-779
Author(s):  
Pierre Issalys
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
The Law

Looking at Swiss administrative law from a Quebec perspective, this paper outlines some aspects of the Swiss system that provide useful models or references for the discussion and resolution of current issues in Canadian and Quebec administrative law. These issues are identified as (1) the proliferation of independent administrative agencies, and the means to control or at least systematize the growth of such structures ; (2) the desirability and feasibility of enacting general standards of procedure for administrative action ; (3) the simplification of remedies in the field of judicial review of administrative action ; (4) the desirability and feasibility of allocating judicial review powers to a specialized court, either within or outside the Superior Court ; and (5) the desirability and form of a procedure allowing for political intervention in the decision-making process of independent agencies. In the light of these issues, the paper describes the allocation of review functions between administrative and judicial bodies in Swiss federal law. The structure and activity of the Swiss Federal Court (Tribunal fédéral), and especially of the division of the Court that deals with most administrative law cases, are outlined in some more detail. A short historical sketch leads to a discussion of the corresponding features of the law in some of the cantons, and to consideration of the special position given to social security matters in the general scheme of administrative law. The paper then focusses on administrative action itself, commenting on the most significant provisions in the Federal Administrative Procedure Act (Loi fédérale sur la procédure administrative) of 1968. Special attention is paid to the process of review within the administration, up to the level of the federal cabinet (Conseil fédéral). Corresponding provisions in the law of some of the cantons are also briefly discussed. The description of the federal review process is then completed by an outline of the procedure for judicial review of administrative action by the Federal Court (Recours de droit administrative). Finally, notice is again taken of the special position of social security as regards administrative procedure. The paper draws attention, in its concluding part, to the most interesting insights provided by Swiss law into the current problems of Canadian and Quebec administrative law. The growth of administrative tribunals has been brought under control by structural arrangements, especially in the field of social security. The introduction of general standards of procedure has brought greater uniformity and clarity, has emphasized the unity of administrative process including the review phase before administrative or judicial authorities, and has strenghtened the rule of law over government action. The existence of a single procedure to invoke judicial review eases access to the court. While in many cases review by the court is excluded, these exclusions have to be specific, and leave full opportunity for review within the administration, with adequate safeguards provided by the Administrative Procedure Act. Specialization occurs within the Federal Court, and does not involve a rigid separation between judges applying administrative law and judges applying other branches of the law, as in France or Germany. Finally, ultimate political control over certain types of decisions is admitted as a part of life in Swiss federal law, but is at the same time subjected to a quasi-judicial procedure which makes it an acknowledged source of administrative justice.

PERSINGGUNGAN KEWENANGAN MENGADILI PENYALAHGUNAAN DISKRESI ANTARA PENGADILAN TUN DAN PENGADILAN TIPIKOR / INTERCEPTION OF JUSTICE AUTHORITY OF DISCRETION ABUSE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION COURT AND CORRUPTION COURTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Budi Suhariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
State Finance ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Receive

Diskresi sebagai wewenang bebas, keberadaannya rentan akan disalahgunakan. Penyalahgunaan diskresi yang berimplikasi merugikan keuangan negara dapat dituntutkan pertanggungjawabannya secara hukum administrasi maupun hukum pidana. Mengingat selama ini peraturan perundang-undangan tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi tidak merumuskan secara rinci yang dimaksudkan unsur menyalahgunakan kewenangan maka para hakim menggunakan konsep penyalahgunaan wewenang dari hukum administrasi. Problema muncul saat diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 dimana telah memicu persinggungan dalam hal kewenangan mengadili penyalahgunaan wewenang (termasuk diskresi) antara Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dengan Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Pada perkembangannya, persinggungan kewenangan mengadili tersebut ditegaskan oleh Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2015 bahwa PTUN berwenang menerima, memeriksa, dan memutus permohonan penilaian ada atau tidak ada penyalahgunaan wewenang (termasuk diskresi) dalam Keputusan dan/atau Tindakan Pejabat Pemerintahan sebelum adanya proses pidana. Sehubungan tidak dijelaskan tentang definisi dan batasan proses pidana yang dimaksud, maka timbul penafsiran yang berbeda. Perlu diadakan kesepakatan bersama dan dituangkan dalam regulasi tentang tapal batas persinggungan yang jelas tanpa meniadakan kewenangan pengujian penyalahgunaan wewenang diskresi pada Pengadilan TUN.Discretion as free authority is vulnerable to being misused. The abuse of discretion implicating the state finance may be prosecuted by both administrative and criminal law. In view of the fact that the law on corruption eradication does not formulate in detail the intended element of authority abuse, the judges use the concept of authority abuse from administrative law. Problems arise when the enactment of Law No. 30 of 2014 triggered an interception in terms of justice/ adjudicate authority on authority abuse (including discretion) between the Administrative Court and Corruption Court. In its development, the interception of justice authority is affirmed by Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 4 of 2015 that the Administrative Court has the authority to receive, examine and decide upon the appeal there is or there is no misuse of authority in the Decision and / or Action of Government Officials prior to the criminal process. That is, shortly before the commencement of the criminal process then that's when the authority of PTUN decides to judge the misuse of authority over the case. In this context, Perma No. 4 of 2015 has imposed restrictions on the authority of the TUN Court in prosecuting the abuse of discretionary authority.

In Vitro Toxicology Methods in Risk Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331
Author(s):  
Iain F. H. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Vitro Test

The title of this paper is challenging, because the question of how in vitro methods and results contribute to human health risk assessment is rarely considered. The process of risk assessment usually begins with hazard assessment, which provides a description of the inherent toxicological properties of the chemical. The next step is to assess the relevance of this to humans, i.e. the human hazard assessment. Finally, information on exposure is examined, and risk can then be assessed. In vitro methods have a limited, but important, role to play in risk assessment. The results can be used for classification and labelling; these are methods of controlling exposure, analogous to risk assessment, but without considering exposure. The Ames Salmonella test is the only in vitro method which is incorporated into regulations and used widely. Data from this test can, at best, lead to classification of a chemical with regard to genotoxicity, but cannot be used for classification and labelling on their own. Several in vitro test systems which assess the topical irritancy and corrosivity of chemicals have been reasonably well validated, and the results from these tests can be used for classification. The future development of in vitro methods is likely to be slow, as it depends on the development of new concepts and ideas. The in vivo methods which currently have reasonably developed in vitro alternatives will be the easiest to replace. The remaining in vivo methods, which provide toxicological information from repeated chronic dosing, with varied endpoints and by mechanisms which are not understood, will be more difficult to replace.

scholarly journals Quantitative Ship Collision Frequency Estimation Models: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Mirko Čorić ◽  
Sadko Mandžuka ◽  
Anita Gudelj ◽  
Zvonimir Lušić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Collision Frequency ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Ship Collision ◽  
Estimation Models

Ship collisions are one of the most common types of maritime accidents. Assessing the frequency and probability of ship collisions is of great importance as it provides a cost-effective and practical way to mitigate risk. In this paper, we present a review of quantitative ship collision frequency estimation models for waterway risk assessment, accompanied by a classification of the models and a description of their main modelling characteristics. Models addressing the macroscopic perspective in the estimation of ship collision frequency on waterways are reviewed in this paper with a total of 29 models. We extend the existing classification methodology and group the collected models accordingly. Special attention is given to the criteria used to detect potential ship collision candidates, as well as to causation probability and the correlation of models with real ship collision statistics. Limitations of the existing models and future improvement possibilities are discussed. The paper can be used as a guide to understanding current achievements in this field.

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