LAW ENFORCEMENT OF ILLEGAL BUSINESS TRANSACTION ON THE BORDER AREA BETWEEN INDONESIA AND TIMOR LESTE IN A DILEMMA

This study is a type of empirical legal study conducted based on the discrepancy between the existing provisions and theories and the legal facts occurring among the society, that is, the transaction of goods carried out by crossing the border between two countries.Any hindering obstacles and barricades to the law enforcement over illegal businesses can be settled through social and cultural, economic, political, and security approaches. Alternative solutions that should be applied in dealing with such legal issues can be establishing buildings in the border area, which are specifically directed to help accelerate the handling of three fundamental problems faced in the scope of the development of the border area in question, one of which is delimitation and delineation aspects of the state's boundaries, the aspect of affirming national borders on watershed areas between Indonesia and Timor Leste, the aspect of development discrepancy in the form of fulfilling infrastructure needs in the economic field to foster opportunities for the border areas to participate and compete amid both global and regional markets.

SUBJEK HUKUM MENURUT HANS KELSEN DAN TEORI TRADISIONAL: ANTARA MANIPULASI DAN FIKSI

AbstrakKonsep subjek hukum adalah salahkonsep inti dalam hukum. Dalam teori tradisional, konsep ini hanya dimaknai hanya berkaitan dengan hak dan kewajiban belaka. Sementara Hans Kelsen melihat bahwa ada persoalan kuasa dalam hak dan kewajiban. Namun, kuasa ini bukanlah kuasa terutama dalam konsep subjek hukum, karena menurut teori tradisional, ada kuasa di baliknya yang menentukan sesuatu itu adalah subjek hukum yang memiliki kuasa hak atau tidak. Relasi antarkuasa ini berpotensi tidak adil, dan bahkan berpotensi menjadi jahat, karena secara potensial ada manipulasi berbaur fiksi atas nama keyakinan agama atau pandangan sosial tertentu, sehingga si penguasa ini dapat menentukan sesuatu itu adalah subjek hukum yang memiliki kuasa atau tidak. Jikalau tidak memiliki kuasa, maka sanksi akan disiapkan untuk menghukum perilaku yang dianggap menyimpang. AbstractThe concept of legal subject is one of the core concepts in law. In traditional theory, this concept is only interpreted in its relation to the rights and obligations. While Hans Kelsen sees that such concept is related to power in rights and obligations. However, this power is not the supreme power in the concept of legal subjects, because according to traditional theory, there is another power behind it which determines the existence of a legal subject whether it has power or not. This power relation is potentially unfair, and even vicious, because there is plausible manipulation mixed with fiction in the name of a religious belief or a social view, hence such power can determine whether a legal subject has power or not. If it has no power, then sanctions will be defined to punish certain behavior that is considered socially improper.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF THE COMPETENCE TO ADJUDICATE BANKRUPTCY CASES INVOLVING AN ARBITRATION CLAUSE

This research stems from the conflict of competence between Commercial Court and Arbitration in a bankruptcy case involving an arbitration clause. This occurs when parties make an agreement including arbitration as a mechanism of dispute resolution. Nevertheless, when a dispute occurs, one of the parties file a bankruptcy petition to Commercial Court as contained in Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law. Meanwhile, according to Article 3 and 11 of the Arbitration Law, agreements containing arbitration clause as a mean of dispute resolution provides absolute competence, which is consistent with the pacta sunt servanda principle outlined by Article 1338 of the Civil Code. This raises the question of whether Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law is inconsistent with pacta sunt servanda or to the arbitration clause as the agreed mechanism of dispute resolution by the parties, because the substance of legal norms has philosophical basis. This research uses normative juridical approach which examines legal materials through the study of documents. The research show that Commercial Court is an extra ordinary court which settle bankruptcy filed to the court. Therefore, the competence cannot be set aside by arbitration in the sense of its legal position and capacity as extra judicial even though it originates from an agreement containing arbitration clause. The philosophical basis that can be applied in the conflict of law refers to the principles governing legislation, namely lex specialis derogat legi generalis, lex posterior derogat legi priori, and integration principles of Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law.

THE POSITION OF QANUN 6 OF 2014 ON JINAYAT LAW TOWARD ACT 11 OF 2012 ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM RELATED TO CHILD CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT

This paper aims to describe the differences and the position of the legal rules for juvenile crimes between Qanun 6 of 2014 and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The results show that Qanun Number 6 of 2014 also regulates criminal sanctions for children, which are normatively regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012. In addition, Qanun, as Aceh Islamic criminal law legalizes canning punishment for children, as well as the double-track system adopted by The Law of Juvenile Criminal Justice System is not explicitly accommodated in Qanun. Qanun at the level of a Regional Regulation is part of the hierarchy of laws and regulations that should be in line with what generally applies at the national level. Law Number 11 of 2006 is being the basis of the authority to make Qanun, as long as there is no court decision invalidates it, Qanun Number 6 of 2014, which is a derivative of Law Number 11 of 2006, can be declared as "lex specialis" of The Juvenile Criminal Justice System law which regulates child crime. However, it does not rule out the possibility that in the future, the judicial review of the article can be conducted.

THE URGENCY OF MORTGAGE AGREEMENT AS AN EFFORT TO REALIZE THE TRUST BY BANK AS CREDITOR

This study focuses on the legal certainty of the implementation of loans for mortgage rights which are the object of collateral in the form of money-valued objects when bad loan occurs, which are regulated in the main agreement as an effort to manifest the trust of creditors of banking institutions whose existence is highly sought after by the Indonesian people. The method used in this study focuses on the normative with the conceptual approach and statute approach. The results of this study indicate that Credit agreements must be considered by the bank as creditor and by the customer as the debtor, considering that credit agreements have a vital function in granting, managing, and managing the credit itself. The existence of a guarantee in a bank credit agreement is significant, namely as a means of legal protection for bank security in overcoming risks. There is a certainty that the debtor customer will pay off his loan. This is based on the explanation of Banking Laws, PBI, and POJK, which requires banks' caution as creditors for loans to debtors based on the belief in the debtor's ability to pay off his obligations as agreed in the agreement. The land is material security which is most in demand by banking institutions as security of mortgage rights. The use of land as a trusted and consumptive credit is based on the consideration of the safest land and has a relatively high sale value. The urgency of objects Securing mortgage rights as stipulated in the credit agreement cannot be separated from the guarantee itself. Credit guarantees are always stated in an additional agreement, namely the Collateral agreement. The need for funds by people or institutions provides credit by providing excellent services and providing legal protection for the parties in the transaction so that no one is harmed in the transaction. The state provides legal protection by stipulating legal regulation relating to credit so that banks as creditors have legal certainty in the process of executing credit collateral objects for optimal repayment. Mortgage Law states that creditors have full rights in executing debtor's collateral goods when bad loans do not have to go through litigation.

REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN ELECTRONICS JUSTICE SYSTEM (E-COURT)

The emergence of e-Court as a modernization on trials enabled the judicial process to run online. The application allowed users, including Persons with Disabilities (PwD). Since the online system is essentially similar to the on-site one, the judicial process should consider reasonable accommodation. Moreover, considering Government Regulation Number 39 of 2020 concerning Reasonable Accommodations for Person with Disabilities (Regulation of Reasonable Accommodation in Judicial Process), the types of accommodations to enable PwD to use the online system must be clear. How the reasonable accommodations provided in e-Court is the issue of this research. The method of research used to elaborate on this issue is the normative juridical method. Patterns of problem approach are statute approach and conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the Analytical Descriptive method is used to construct the data. In this writing, automated online web accessibility tests showed that the medium percentage of the e-Court's accessibility is used to bolder the analysis. This writing elaborated the accessibility of e-Court and the components of the information within which needed to be enhanced for providing reasonable accommodation for Persons with Disabilities, mainly in the form of service. It also touched on the Standard of Judicial Process involving Persons with Disabilities and the provision of the Companion and/ or the Translator for Persons with Disabilities during the trial process linked with the personal assessment and the participation of society.

PENERAPAN ASAS SEDERHANA, CEPAT, DAN BIAYA RINGAN TERHADAP PERKARA GUGATAN SEDERHANA DALAM SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARIAH (Analisis Terhadap Persyaratan Domisili Para Pihak)

Penyelesaian sengketa dengan acara sederhana telah meningkatkan kemudahan berusaha dan dapat memberikan akses lebih baik terhadap keadilan, termasuk dalam perkara ekonomi syariah di pengadilan agama. Sayangnya, persyaratan para pihak harus berdomisili sama menjadi kendala. Para pihak yang domisilinya berbeda yurisdiksi, tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan acara sederhana. Inilah yang melatarbelakangi penelitian ini.Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian dideskripsikan sebagai berikut. Pertama, apakah asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan berkaitan erat dengan perkara gugatan sederhana dalam sengketa ekonomi syariah? Kedua, apakah pengaturan domisili para pihak dalam gugatan sederhana dapat mewujudkan asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan? Ketiga, bagaimana bentuk formulasi pengaturan kriteria domisili para pihak pada gugatan sederhana sengketa ekonomi syariah?Jenis penelitian menggunakan penelitian pustaka dengan pendekatan kualitatif; metode pengumpulan datanya menggunakan metode dokumenter, sedangkan analisis datanya menggunkan metode analisis isi.Hasil penelitian ini adalah, Pertama, penyelesaian melalui acara sederhana dalam sengketa ekonomi syariah merupakan implementasi asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan, sebaliknya asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan dapat diwujudkan dalam penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi syariah melalui acara sederhana. Kedua, asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan belum dapat diwujudkan dalam pengaturan domisili para pihak dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 2 Tahun 2015 tentang Tata Cara Penyelesaian Gugatan Sederhana. Dan ketiga, formulasi pengaturan kriteria domisili para pihak pada gugatan sederhana perkara ekonomi syariah, dapat dirumuskan:(a) Penggugat dan Tergugat dalam gugatan sederhana berdomisili di daerah hukum pengadilan yang sama;(b) Apabila Para Pihak tidak berdomisili di daerah hukum yang sama, digunakan pemanggilan secara elektronik bagi pihak yang berada di luar wilayah pengadilan

LEGAL JUSTICE IN PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT PRACTICE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The constitution is approved as a law capable of guaranteeing human rights and protection of the constitution and past coordination, as well as being the corpus of the administration of the rule of law entity itself. Regarding the state of Indonesia and the United States, if examined by these two countries, they have similarities in the form of republican government or presidential system of government. However, on the contrary, in the impeachment transition, the two countries appear to be dichotomous both formally and materially. Therefore, this scientific article discusses reviewing the impeachment provisions of the Presidents of the two countries who agree to develop agreements and principles in checks and balances in trying to actualize the value of the country's legal justice. Therefore, in approving the discourse of research methods, descriptive-comparative methods are used with normative-philosophical and comparative-critical discussions. On that basis, this study discusses the practice of presidential impeachment in Indonesia to consider more legal justice, because it is through a legal process involving the Constitutional Court which implements practices in the United States that only involve the Senate and the House of Representatives which incidentally is a political institution. It considers the constitution in the basic law of the country.

IDEAS FOR STRENGTHENING SUPREME COURT JUDICIAL REVIEW AUTHORITY IN REVIEW OF REGIONAL REGULATIONS

The problem of judicial review of regional regulations in the Supreme Court is a serious academic and practical issue that needs to be resolved after the issuance of the decision of the Constitutional Court Number 137 / PUU-XIII / 2015. There are two problems in this paper, first, the legal implications of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 137 / PUU-XIII / 2015 on institutional and legal procedures for judicial review of regional regulations in the Supreme Court, secondly, how is the concept of the Supreme Court judicial review carried out through renewal of procedural law Trial Judicial Review in the Supreme Court? Based on the discussion above, we can conclude two things, first, the legal implications of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 137 / PUU-XIII / 2015 on the institutional and legal procedures for judicial review of regional regulations in the Supreme Court are the stronger and increasing authority of judicial review in Supreme Court. This decision ended the dualism of review of local regulations from judicial review by the Supreme Court and executive review of regional regulations by the Ministry of Home Affairs to only a judicial review by the Supreme Court, also potentially increasing the number of cases of judicial review in the Supreme Court. Second, the concept of the implementation of a judicial review by the Supreme Court is carried out through legal renewal of the judicial review proceedings in the Supreme Court by including several important substances, related to hearings that are open to the public, the existence of a preliminary examination, hearing, verdict and decision making that are more open and fair.Keywords: Regional Regulation, Judicial Review, and Reformation ABSTRAKProblem judicial review Perda di Mahkamah Agung menjadi persoalan akademik dan praktikal serius yang perlu dipecahkan pascakeluarnya putusan Mahkamah konstitusi Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015. Terdapat dua masalah dalam tulisan ini, pertama, implikasi hukum Putusan Mahkamah konstitusi Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015 terhadap kelembagaan dan hukum acara judicial review perda di mahkamah agung, kedua, bagaimanakah konsep pelaksanaan judicial review perda oleh mahkamah agung dilakukan melalui pembaharuan hukum acara persidangan judicial review di mahkamah agung?. Berdasarkan pembahasan di atas maka dapat disimpulkan dua hal , pertama, implikasi hukum Putusan Mahkamah konstitusi Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015 terhadap kelembagaan dan hukum acara judicial review perda di mahkamah agung adalah semakin kuat dan meningkatnya kewenangan judicial review di mahakamah agung. Putusan ini mengakhiri dualisme review perda dari judicial review oleh MA dan executive review perda oleh kemendagri menjadi hanya judicial review oleh Mahkamah Agung, juga berpotensi meningkatkan jumlah perkara judicial review perda di mahkamah agung. Kedua, konsep pelaksanaan judicial review perda oleh mahkamah agung dilakukan melalui pembaharuan hukum acara persidangan judicial review di mahkamah agung dengan memasukan beberapa substansi penting, terkait sidang yang terbuka untuk umum, adanya proses pemeriksaan pendahuluan, pemeriksaan persidangan, pembuktian dan pengambilan putusan yang lebih terbuka dan fair.Kata Kunci : Peaturan Daerah, JudicialReview, dan Pembaharuan.

THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL JUSTICE IN LEGAL PHILOSOPHY AND ITS APPLICATION IN JUDGES’ DECISIONS

Justice is one of the legal goals that judges want to uphold. Since justice is subjective and individual, it cannot be separated from the place, time, and others, which greatly affects the judges' sense of justice. Justice is becoming more important when the 'question of law' is about to be applied to the 'question of fact.' Justice is defined as a value to create an ideal relationship among humans. They are entitled according to law and morality as stated by the popular doctrine "fiat justitia ruat caelum” which means justice must be upheld even though the sky will fall. Biological justice is a normative entity that is committed to delivering human dignity and welfare. The theory of Biological Justice offers a broader understanding of the meaning of justice.