Channeling Womanpower

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Dumenil
Keyword(s):  
Women Activists ◽  
White Women ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Woman's Christian Temperance Union ◽  
Progressive Reform ◽  
Young Women's Christian Association

This chapter examines women's voluntary associations' role in mobilization. It examining the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the National Association of Colored Women, and the American Red Cross, it analyzes the way in which women activists conjoined the war emergency to their own goals of staking their claim to full citizenship, and continuing their reform agendas begun in the Progressive reform era. As they did so, white women invoked “maternalism” and emphasized the instrumental role that women played in protecting the family. African American activists similarly focused on the centrality of women citizens, but did so in the specific context of racial uplift. Their engagement in meaningful war work encouraged them to view the war – over optimistically as it turned out – as an opportunity to achieve both long-standing reform goals and an enhanced role for women in public life.

Women's Reform Organizations and Wartime Mobilization in World War I-Era Los Angeles

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-245
Author(s):  
Lynn Dumenil
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
World War I ◽  
Women Activists ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Women's Clubs ◽  
National Defense ◽  
World War ◽  
Young Women's Christian Association ◽  
Women's Christian Temperance Union ◽  
War Effort

During World War I, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense served as an intermediary between the federal government and women's voluntary associations. This study of white middle- and upper-middle-class clubwomen in Los Angeles, California reveals ways in which local women pursued twin goals of aiding the war effort while pursuing their own, pre-existing agendas. Women in a wide variety of groups, including organizations associated with the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Red Cross, had different goals, but most women activists agreed on the need to promote women's suffrage and citizenship rights and to continue the maternalist reform programs begun in the Progressive Era. At the center of their war voluntarism was the conviction that women citizens must play a crucial role in protecting the family amidst the crisis of war.

Measuring Intent to Aid of Lay Responders: Survey Development and Validation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Miller ◽  
Jeffrey L. Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Affective Domain ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Intent To Use ◽  
Development And Validation

Background. Increasing lay responder cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use during sudden cardiac arrest depends on an individual’s choice. Investigators designed and piloted an instrument to measure the affective domain of helping behaviors by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to better understand lay responders’ intent to use lifesaving skills. Method. Questionnaire items were compiled into 10 behavioral domains informed by the TPB constructs followed by refinement via piloting and expert review. Two samples from an American Red Cross–trained lay-responder population ( N = 4,979) provided data for an exploratory (EFA, n = 235) and confirmatory (CFA, n = 198) factor analyses. EFA derived interitem relationships into factors and affective subscales. CFA yielded statistical validation of factors and subscales. Results. The EFA identified four factors, aligned with the TPB constructs of attitudes, norms, confidence, and intention to act to explain 57% of interitem variance. The internal consistency of factor-derived subscales ranged between 0.71 and 0.91. Reduction of instrument items went from 47 to 32 (32%). The CFA yielded good model fit with the switching of the legal ramification item from the social norm to intention construct. Conclusion. The Intent to Aid (I2A) survey derived from this investigation aligned with the constructs of the TPB yielding four subscales. The I2A allows health education researchers to differentiate modalities and content impact on learner intention to act in a first aid (FA) emergency. I2A compliments cognitive and psychomotor measurements of learning outcomes. The experimental instrument aims to allow curricula developers and program evaluators a means of assessing the affective domain of human learning regarding intention-to-act in an FA emergency. In combination of with assessment of functional knowledge and essential skills, this instrument may provide curricula developers and health educators an avenue to better describe intention to act in an FA emergency.

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