A Comparative Study of Indias Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Era

Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country.In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreigninvestment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to theexports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports. Keywords: Foreign Trade, New Economic Reforms, Exports, Imports, Growth Rate.

Literature Analysis of the Theory of Liberative Democracy

During the political liberalization of the reform era (1998 – present), various groups have complained about the evil practices of democratic politics. One of the shooting targets is that we have made the wrong choice, namely adopting a majoritarian or liberal democracy model. In the literature on democracy theory, one of the theories relevant to improving democratic practice is TDD (Theory of Deliberative Democracy). Although still using the principle of representation, TDD, in general, makes corrections or improvements to the procedures and substance of democracy that have been poorly practised in Indonesia today. This research is based on qualitative research using the descriptive-analytical method to provide a clear picture of the object of the problem. The conclusion of this study shows evidence that there is a model of democracy—both in substance and in procedures. They are different from the mechanism of representation initially derived from the theory of representative democracy.

Comparison Of Achievement Sport Systems Between Indonesia And China

Sport as a model of human creativity is a form of physical activity that has very complex dimensions, which undergo a systematic process in the form of all activities or efforts that can encourage, arouse, develop and foster one's physical and spiritual potential. as individuals or members of society. in the form of games, competitions/contests, and intensive physical activities to obtain recreation, victory, and peak potential. Sport is currently a trend or lifestyle for some of the general public, even to the point of becoming a basic need in life. National development through the development of sports in Indonesia in this reform era has become a strategic vehicle, especially improving the quality of human resources, as well as the formation of the character and character of the nation, in this paper many factors play a role in success in the field of sports, one of which the author wants to examine the differences and similarities between the performance sports system that runs in Indonesia and China. This study aims to compare the development of achievement sports systems carried out in Indonesia and China in order to improve the quality and competence of sports. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through documentation studies. The results of this study conclude that the government's contribution is needed in preparing winning strategies, training facilities, increasing competition opportunities and increasing resources that can be assisted by a team of academics and researchers from universities to find new techniques in training to support the maximum use of sport science. Keywords: achievement sports system, Indonesia, China.

Kompleksitas Penegakkan Hukum Ekonomi Di Era Reformasi

Issues that are understood about law relating to the nature of law are made to regulate the order of people's lives so that they are orderly and regularly. Order and regular will not be realized if the rule of law cannot be enforced. The implications of legal regulation in the economic field are various regulatory instruments that affect economic performance, in order to achieve human welfare, both in the short and long term. In this case, the law position is trying to provide a reflection for the creation of an economic justice. Awareness of the need to understand the economic consequences of implementing a rule has actually begun to be discussed, so from this illustration it becomes an argument about the Complexity of Enforcement of Economic Law in the Reformation Era. The aim is to reveal the meaning of a legal action based on law enforcement in the economic field as well as to identify the relationship between variables. Thus, this research produces descriptive data which must be interpreted using qualitative methods. Because this article seeks to provide an explanation of the continuity and integrity of the science and philosophy of law. The reasons that underlie industrial countries and developing countries such as Indonesia, regard the enforcement of economic law as very important, namely program effectiveness, reasons for justice, reasons for credibility, and reasons for efficiency. The phenomenon of economic instability in the reform era is a reflection that management in the economic sector has not fully become our collective commitment, a reductionist and exploitative way of thinking has developed to color the administration of government in the reform era. Enforcement of economic law is actually a preventive or repressive effort in overcoming price volatility and market mechanisms. Law enforcement as a concept that is expected to be one of the foundations for achieving Indonesia's vision in 2030, economic law enforcement occupies an important position to be prioritized because of the vital functions it contains. This concept is an interface between the legal system and the economic system in an effort to realize legal and economic development as a series of stages of nation building. The development of economic law, enforcement in the reform era that its implications for legal institutions and the legal profession. Therefore, it is a challenge for the Indonesian nation in the reform era to find a solution in addition to the challenges of the legal profession, economic actors, and other related professions. In meeting these challenges, an attitude that we need to develop together is openness and “intellectual humility”, realizing that we will be more successful in making contributions if we work together in an interdisciplinary manner. Keywords: Law enforcement, law approach to the economy.

Songs of the Golden Age in the Democratic Republic

Following the Geneva Accords of 1954, the VOV employed an array of ensembles that performed newly composed red music and revolutionary songs (ca khúc cách mạng) from the First Indochina War. Chapter 3 examines the construction of the DRV’s broadcasting and performing arts infrastructure at a time when radio was the principal mass medium for sound-based communications and the primary source for news and cultural programming. These infrastructural developments coincided with an escalation of tensions in the Second Indochina War (1955–75), when the DRV used radio to inundate southern listeners with their propaganda. With a particular focus on the central site for cultural production (state radio) and the most prominent musical form of the era (red music), this chapter illustrates how the DRV’s Ministry of Culture used radio productions on socialist themes as technologies of governmentality. Broadcasters reified the roles of men, women, and children in the ears and minds of their listening public. Their productions also played a crucial role in defining cultural boundaries between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie as broadcasters sought to sonically territorialize the socialist state. Based on interviews with former station employees, analyses of iconic songs, and archival documents, the research suggests the ongoing veneration of singers, songs, and stories from this golden age of radio music constructs a particular narrative about Vietnamese history that commemorates the achievements of the CPV and perpetuates its control in the reform era.

National Radio in the Reform Era

After unification, the mission of Vietnamese state media was rewritten to incorporate southern voices. Broadcasters assimilated the technical and administrative apparatus of the former Republic of Vietnam and adapted their programming to appeal to new audiences. Since the early reform era (1986 onwards), broadcasters have had to become more responsive to listener demands by establishing phone-in shows and playing requests, and they now consciously engage listeners online in the diaspora. Chapter 4 examines how the VOV’s broadcasting and musical wings were restructured after unification and again following economic reforms. The research investigates the spaces allocated to southern and minority content from the late 1970s onwards, including a consideration of the styles of broadcasting in minority languages. The chapter also examines the history and contemporary role of the VOV’s sound archives to understand how the categorization of musical style in the Socialist Republic has shaped perceptions of place and locality. Request letters and audience surveys illustrate how listeners took greater ownership over content just as a proliferation of commercial media alternatives were being made accessible in the socialist-oriented market economy. The chapter concludes by examining the diversification of musical styles on air to understand how the public are engaging with popular culture beyond the communist bloc more intensely since the 1990s.

Studio Production in Contemporary Vietnam

Chapter 5 examines how and why the VOV music ensembles are keeping their red music relevant in contemporary Vietnam. In the reform era, the ensembles were separated into two groups: the national or ethnic music ensemble (nhóm nhạc dân tộc), comprised of traditional instrumentalists and folk singers, and the new music ensemble (nhóm nhạc mới), which performs Vietnamese songs and instrumental music composed for choir and chamber orchestra. Drawing on fieldwork at the radio studios in Hanoi, this research provides an ethnographic account of contemporary music production processes at the station. The first case study examines how recordings by the traditional music ensemble, a versatile group of instrumentalists and folk singers, represent and reify the three major cultural regions of Vietnam. The second explores how productions by the new music ensemble, which reference the musical styles of DRV revolutionary opera, memorialize government achievements, valorize heroes of the past, and are made relevant to the contemporary political context through references to current issues such as territorial claims in the South China Sea. Rather than dismiss these musicians as political puppets, the chapter investigates their creative, pragmatic approaches to the constraints and contradictions of life in a (post)socialist state. Meanwhile, culture brokers working at these national broadcasters are leading the politicization of this intangible cultural heritage, a process they justify with the language of cultural sustainability.