scholarly journals Potential of pharmacological and herbal for COVID-19: a narrative review

10.51511/pr.2 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Syahrul Tuba ◽  
Tesia Aisyah Rahmania
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Coagulation Therapy ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Effective Drugs

The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs in the prevention and treatment process. At present, there is no proven therapy for this disease, although therapeutic approaches continue to be carried out using traditional medicines (herbal) and pharmacological therapy. Information about SARS-CoV-2 virology has rapidly developed and scientists try to provide a number of potential drugs. Remdesivir has strong in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Several potential drugs are currently underway in a clinical trial. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and oseltamivir have not been proven to have efficacy, and the benefits of corticosteroids are still diverse. Current clinical evidence does not support the termination of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, coagulation therapy in patients with COVID-19 concomitant with comorbidities.

scholarly journals COVID-19

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Verdecchia ◽  
Claudio Cavallini ◽  
Antonio Spanevello ◽  
Fabio Angeli
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
External Site

Diffuse pulmonary inflammation, endothelial inflammation, and enhanced thrombosis are cardinal features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. These features are reminiscent of several adverse reactions triggered by angiotensin II and opposed by angiotensin 1-7 , in many experimental models. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 binds to ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptors and entries into the cell through the fusion of its membrane with that of the cell. Hence, it downregulates these receptors. The loss of ACE2 receptor activity from the external site of the membrane will lead to less angiotensin II inactivation and less generation of antiotensin 1-7 . In various experimental models of lung injury, the imbalance between angiotensin II overactivity and of antiotensin 1-7 deficiency triggered inflammation, thrombosis, and other adverse reactions. In COVID-19, such imbalance could play an important role in influencing the clinical picture and outcome of the disease. According to this line of thinking, some therapeutic approaches including recombinant ACE2, exogenous angiotensin 1-7 , and angiotensin receptor blockers seem particularly promising and are being actively tested.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 and SARS-CoV2: A Dangerous Liaison

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Adrian Sturza ◽  
Cătălin V. Marian ◽  
Danina M. Muntean ◽  
Octavian M. Crețu
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Ace Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Complex Scenario ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been recognized as a key player in the complex scenario of cardiovascular regulation. Aside from its role in the cardiovascular diseases, RAAS dysregulation has emerged as a central pathomechanism in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV1) epidemic, dating back to 2002–2004, and the current COVID-19 pandemic with SARS-CoV2, with the latter involving the interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is the enzyme responsible for Ang 1-7 production that partly counteracts the RAAS effects and promotes nitric oxide synthase activation; moreover, it has also been reported to act as a receptor for both SARS viruses. In the setting of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS–ACE2 interaction is highly debated with respect to both viral infectivity and usage/discontinuation of RAAS medication—ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs)—in diagnosed or suspected SARS-CoV2 patients. Since ACE inhibitors and ARBs are largely prescribed in cardiovascular pathology, a better understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV2 and RAAS is urgently needed. In this review, we will briefly discuss the SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 interaction and why the discontinuation of RAAS medication is unsafe for either diagnosed or suspected SARS-CoV2 patients.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and cardiovascular disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
V. M. Kovalenko ◽  
E. G. Nesukay ◽  
T. M. Kornienko ◽  
N. S. Titova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Functional Receptor

The World Health Organization announced on March 11, 2020 that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. The data of studies confirming that cardiovascular diseases are a common concomitant pathology among patients with COVID-19 and cardiological patients have a more severe course and high mortality are presented. The mechanism of interaction between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases has been identified. First, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is recognized as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Secondly, it was proved that SARS-CoV-2 through the cytokine mechanism causes direct damage to the myocardium and can disrupt the function of the cardiovascular system. This review highlights the need for continued use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease and heart failure, as well as recommendations for urgent and emergency care for cardiac patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Could Anti‐Hypertensive Drug Therapy Affect the Clinical Prognosis of Hypertensive Patients With COVID‐19 Infection? Data From Centers of Southern Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestino Sardu ◽  
Paolo Maggi ◽  
Vincenzo Messina ◽  
Pasquale Iuliano ◽  
Antonio Sardu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Worse Prognosis

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the cause of a pandemic disease, with severe acute respiratory syndrome by binding target epithelial lung cells through angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in humans. Thus, patients with hypertension with COVID‐19 could have worse prognosis. Indeed, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers may interfere with angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 expression/activity. Thus, patients with hypertension undergoing angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor and/or angiotensin receptor blockers drug therapy may be at a higher risk of contracting a serious COVID‐19 infection and should be monitored. Moreover, in the present study we investigated the effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor versus angiotensin receptor blockers versus calcium channel blockers on clinical outcomes as mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admissions, heart injury, and death in 62 patients with hypertension hospitalized for COVID‐19 infection. METHODS AND RESULTS The multicenter study was prospectively conducted at Department of Infectious Diseases of Sant'Anna Hospital of Caserta, and of University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" of Naples, at Department of Advanced Surgical and Medical Sciences of University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, and at General Medical Assistance Unit "FIMG," Naples, Italy. Lowest values of left ventricle ejection fraction predicted deaths (1.142, 1.008–1.294, P <0.05), while highest values of interleukin‐6 predicted the admission to intensive care unit (1.617, 1.094–2.389), mechanical ventilation (1.149, 1.082–1.219), heart injuries (1.367, 1.054–1.772), and deaths (4.742, 1.788–8.524). CONCLUSIONS Anti‐hypertensive drugs didn't affect the prognosis in patients with COVID‐19. Consequently, tailored anti‐inflammatory and immune therapies in addition to chronic antihypertensive therapy, could prevent a worse prognosis, as well as improve the clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension with COVID‐19 infection.

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