“The Perfect Storm”: The Rise of Gender-Based Violence in the Age of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janvi Huria ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women Experiences ◽  
Crimes Against Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women ◽  
Perfect Storm

One in three women experiences sexual or physical violence at some point in their life (“A Staggering One-in-Three Women”, 2019). In the last 12 months alone, 243 million girls between the ages of 15 and 49 were subjected to sexual or physical violence by an intimate partner (“Violence against Women”, n.d.). During the COVID-19 pandemic, sudden shifts in routine have made this situation a “ticking time bomb” for the exponential growth in rates of crimes against women (Campbell, 2020).

scholarly journals Male perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women: A Spanish typology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis González-Álvarez ◽  
Jorge Santos-Hermoso ◽  
Virginia Soldino ◽  
Enrique J. Carbonell-Vayá
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Offender Typologies ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women

<p>Typological approaches in research of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) have been discussed on the basis of their validity and applicability in professional practice; yet, most of the published studies on offender typologies have informed as limitations the use of relatively small, non-representative samples. The current study explored typologies of IPVAW perpetrators in a large-scale representative Spanish sample (<i>N</i> = 9,731 cases extracted from the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Gender-Based Violence Cases; VioGén System), according to classic batterer typologies proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994). To this end, the risk factors measured by the most extended Spanish police recidivism risk assessment tool (<i>Valoración Policial del Riesgo</i>; VPR) were used as clustering variables. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed the appropriateness of a bi-dimensional model to conceptualize IPVAW offender typologies. Our four-group solution (i.e., LiLa, HiLa, HiHa, and LiHa) may be described based on the levels of instability and antisociality of IPVAW offenders, as objectively measured by VPR<sub>5.0</sub> risk indicators. Statistically significant differences between IPVAW suggested typologies were found in all indicators, except for the presence of perpetrators younger than 24 years old and the presence of bidirectional intimate partner violence, which were equally distributed across the four groups. HiLa and HiHa individuals shared most risk indicators related to the aggressor’s psychological instability. On the other hand, HiHa and LiHa endorsed more antisociality indicators than statistically expected. Although the four subtypes identified in our study resembled classic typologies, we propose a new subtype, with high levels of instability and antisociality (i.e., HiHa), as a more representative IPVAW offender subtype than the classic LLA subgroup. This work contributes to existing knowledge of the heterogeneity of these men, by providing useful typologies that can help inform prevention and treatment.</p>

scholarly journals Male perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women: A Spanish typology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis González-Álvarez ◽  
Jorge Santos-Hermoso ◽  
Virginia Soldino ◽  
Enrique J. Carbonell-Vayá
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Offender Typologies ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women

<p>Typological approaches in research of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) have been discussed on the basis of their validity and applicability in professional practice; yet, most of the published studies on offender typologies have informed as limitations the use of relatively small, non-representative samples. The current study explored typologies of IPVAW perpetrators in a large-scale representative Spanish sample (<i>N</i> = 9,731 cases extracted from the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Gender-Based Violence Cases; VioGén System), according to classic batterer typologies proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994). To this end, the risk factors measured by the most extended Spanish police recidivism risk assessment tool (<i>Valoración Policial del Riesgo</i>; VPR) were used as clustering variables. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed the appropriateness of a bi-dimensional model to conceptualize IPVAW offender typologies. Our four-group solution (i.e., LiLa, HiLa, HiHa, and LiHa) may be described based on the levels of instability and antisociality of IPVAW offenders, as objectively measured by VPR<sub>5.0</sub> risk indicators. Statistically significant differences between IPVAW suggested typologies were found in all indicators, except for the presence of perpetrators younger than 24 years old and the presence of bidirectional intimate partner violence, which were equally distributed across the four groups. HiLa and HiHa individuals shared most risk indicators related to the aggressor’s psychological instability. On the other hand, HiHa and LiHa endorsed more antisociality indicators than statistically expected. Although the four subtypes identified in our study resembled classic typologies, we propose a new subtype, with high levels of instability and antisociality (i.e., HiHa), as a more representative IPVAW offender subtype than the classic LLA subgroup. This work contributes to existing knowledge of the heterogeneity of these men, by providing useful typologies that can help inform prevention and treatment.</p>

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

scholarly journals INFECÇÕES SEXUALMENTE TRANSMISSÍVEIS EM ADOLESCENTES: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Andrade da Fonseca ◽  
Giovanna Burgos Souto Maior E Viviane Colares
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Gender Based

Introdução: As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST´s) estão acometendo cada vez mais a população adolescente. Entre os fatores responsáveis, é possível citar a diminuição da idade para início da vida sexual, não uso de preservativo e o aumento no número de parceria sexual. Alguns estudos relatam ainda a relação entre a violência e o risco para as IST´s. Objetivo: Avaliar a violência como fator de risco as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes. Materiais e métodos: A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados BVS, LILACS, PubMed e SciELO, a partir da estratégia PECO, na qual, P (população) é composta por adolescentes; E (exposição) à violência; C (comparação), não houve e, no O (outcomes ou desfecho), temos infecções ou doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. A partir disso, utilizou-se a seguinte estratégia de busca: ((adolescent OR teen OR child) AND (violence OR sex offenses OR exposure to violence OR child abuse OR violence against women OR gender-based violence OR domestic violence OR intimate partner violence)) AND (sexually transmitted infections OR sexually transmitted disease). Foram incluídos: estudos clínicos, estudos comparativos, teste clínico controlado, estudo multicêntrico, estudo observacional e ensaio clinico randomizado. A revisão sistemática foi registrada no PROSPERO sob o número CRD42021273079. Os revisores foram cegos e independentes durante as fases de seleção por títulos/resumos e leitura do artigo na íntegra. Resultados: Foram encontrados 502 artigos nas bases de dados selecionadas, destes 18 (duplicados) foram excluídos. Resultando em 484 artigos para triagem de títulos e resumos por 2 (duas) autoras, realizou-se o teste de KAPPA que apresentou um índice de concordância entre as autoras de 0,9, considerado excelente. Restando 78 artigos para leitura na integra. Considerações finais: Com o seguimento das próximas etapas do presente estudo, avaliaremos a violência como fator de risco para IST´s.

scholarly journals When Enough is Enough: Breaking Free from Intimate Partner Violence in YejideKilanko’s Chasing Butterflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Margaret Fafa Nutsukpo
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
The Novel ◽  
African Society ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner Relationships ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence has become a common feature in gender relations globally, with women as the main victims. However, despite the fact that violence against women has been recognized as a violation of their human rights, the African society, in particular, is still plagued by gendered violence particularly in families. Adopting postmodern feminism as a theoretical framework, this article examines Kilanko’s portrayal of the devastating impact of gender-based violence, particularly intimate partner violence, on the female protagonist in Chasing Butterflies. In so doing, it establishes that dominant gendered norms and unequal power relations between men and women in the African society are the root causes of violence against women in intimate partner relationships such as marriage. The article, therefore, explores avenues of awareness-raising in the novel, as well as options and resources through which women can be effectively empowered to confront and surmount their status as victims leading to the realization of their rights and freedom.

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

Increased Gender-based Violence Among Women Internally Displaced in Mississippi 2 Years Post–Hurricane Katrina

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anastario ◽  
Nadine Shehab ◽  
Lynn Lawry
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gender Based

ABSTRACTObjectives: Although different types of gender-based violence (GBV) have been documented in disaster-affected populations, no studies have documented a quantitative increase in rates of GBV among populations living in protracted displacement after a disaster. We aimed to assess the change in rates of GBV after Hurricane Katrina among internally displaced people (IDPs) living in travel trailer parks in Mississippi.Methods: The study design included successive cross-sectional randomized surveys, conducted in 2006 and 2007, among IDPs in Mississippi using a structured questionnaire. We sampled 50 travel trailer parks in 9 counties in Mississippi in 2006, and 69 parks in 20 counties in 2007. A total of 420 female respondents comprised the final sample. We measured respondent demographics, forms of GBV including sexual and physical violence further subtyped by perpetrator, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9–assessed depression.Results: Respondents had a mean age of 42.7 years. The crude rate of new cases of GBV among women increased from 4.6/100,000 per day to 16.3/100,000 per day in 2006, and remained elevated at 10.1/100,000 per day in 2007. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in intimate partner violence. GBV experience was significantly associated with increased risk for poor mental health outcomes.Conclusions: Overall, the rate of GBV, particularly intimate partner violence, increased within the year following Hurricane Katrina and did not return to baseline during the protracted phase of displacement. Disaster planning efforts should incorporate plans to decrease the incidence of GBV following a disaster, and to ensure adequate services to people with postdisaster GBV experience. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:18–26)

scholarly journals THE RATIONALE FOR BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY THEIR INTIMATE PARTNERS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet Shai ◽  
King Costa
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Based

THE RATIONALE FOR BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY THEIR INTIMATE PARTNERSKing Costa* and Violet Shai**Global Centre for Academic ResearchIntimate Partner Violence Abstract The problem of Gender Based Violence and the complexity of its multi-perspectival and multi-layered description within social sciences has become a major concern in South Africa and the world at large. Organisations such as the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) are amongst many global leading advocacy voices against gender based violence, especially intimate partner violence. This study was focused on the rationale for behavioural patterns of intimate partner violence and intimate partner homicide. The units of analysis of this study involved male perpetrators who were incarcerated across four maximum correctional centres in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. A total of 12 inmates were selected purposively as interview participants in the study. The ontological position of this study was within interpretivist tradition with phenomenological epistemological approach. Interpretive methods of enquiry are located within the broad qualitative research methods, which was the foundation to this particular investigation. The semi structured questionnaires were constructed along the philosophical and scientific prescripts of philosophical research. . Findings established that the rationale for intimate partner violence and intimate partner femicide are the anger, lack of communication, social constructs and toxic behaviour as the causes of violence in intimate relationships. This was reflected by participants as the contributing factor to their violent behaviour. Theories of intimate partner violence also explain most of the behaviour related patterns are associated with the stress. Cultural norms and societal expectations were found to influence the behaviour pattern of perpetrators. The economical exclusion subsequent to the Beijing Conference on women empowerment and freedom, as well as social exchange theory further suggest the pressures on male perpetrators and their roles as expected by culture and society are the causes of frustration and anger which end up in violent behaviour and femicide.Key words: Intimate partner femicide, Intimate partner violence, Intimate partner homicide, gender based violence References:Costa, K., 2020. INTEGRATING THE C.O.S.T.A. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK IN TEACHING OF THEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS. Preprint.Flynn, A. &amp; Graham, K., 2010. “Why did it happen?” A review and conceptual framework for research on perpetrators' and victims' explanations for intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(3), pp. 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.002.Stets, J. E. &amp; Straus, M., 1989. Gender differences in reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences. In: M. Straus &amp; A. Gelles, eds. Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8, 145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishing, p. 227–244).**Violet Shai is a researcher at Global Centre for Academic Research: [email protected]**King Costa is MD and Registrar at Global Centre for Academic Research: [email protected]

Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Scandinavia and Southern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-289
Author(s):  
Pilar Rodriguez Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women

Abstract This article will focus on the significant differences shown by the data found by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey of women who may or may not have suffered physical Intimate Partner Violence against Women (IPVAW). The authors present the model and result of the discriminant function analysis that they carried out separately for the countries from southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, and Malta) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden). Their hypotheses were that women with less income, lower educational level, who are divorced, who have children, are from rural areas, who are housewives, with bad health, older aged, immigrants, and those who had suffered some physical violence from other people – apart from the partner or ex-partner –, will suffer more violence than the rest of women. One of the most relevant conclusions from their analysis was this: the more often a woman experienced physical violence from someone other than a partner/ex-partner beginning at the age of 15 years old, the more probable it will be that she will suffer IPVAW. The authors discuss this and other significant findings here.

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