scholarly journals Reference values for the water load test in healthy school children and adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303
Author(s):  
F.J. Peralta-Palmezano ◽  
D.P. Escobar-Serna ◽  
J.J. Peralta-Palmezano
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Gastric Accommodation ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Volumes

Background and study aim: The water load test (WLT) is an easy and cheap tool, useful in evaluating gastric accommodation and visceral hypersensitivity. This test can be used in diagnosing functional gastrointestinal disorders, like functional dyspepsia. Our main aim was to propose reference values for the WLT. Our secondary aim was to correlate the water volume drunk with the students’ gender, age, and anthropometric measures. Patients and methods: We performed the WLT in students aged 8 to 17 years. Students drank water ad libitum for 3 minutes or until pain, satiety or vomiting occurred. We correlated anthropometric variables with water volumes drunk. Upper and lower limit for the maximum tolerated volume were calculated as the 5th and 95th percentile. Pain and nausea were recorded before and after the test. Results: We evaluated 99 students, with a median age (inter quartile range) of 11 years 10-13 years) and 55.6 % were girls. Median water volume drank was 380 ml (190-540 ml). Boys (523 ml, interquartile range : 275-760 ml) drank more water than girls (380 ml, interquartile range : 190-570 ml) (p = 0.016). There was a significant correlation between water volume drank and students´ age, weight, height, and body mass index. Of the students that completed the WLT, 22.2 % had nausea and 30.3 % had mild abdominal pain after the test. Conclusions: We proposed reference values for the WLT in children aged 8 to 17 years. Adverse effects are minimal, it is safe to perform, and well tolerated.

Water load test before and after PPI therapy in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1052-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Battaglia ◽  
M. Grassini ◽  
M. Navino ◽  
P. Niola ◽  
C. Verna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Oesophageal Reflux ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Oesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Before And After

The development of a subglacial lake monitored with radio echo sounding and comparison with water volumes released during jökulhlaups: Case study from the Eastern Skaftá Cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyjolfur Magnusson ◽  
Finnur Pálsson ◽  
Magnús T. Gudmundsson ◽  
Thórdís Högnadóttir ◽  
Christian Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Size ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Volume Estimate ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Geothermal Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Echo Sounding

<p>We present a 6 year record of repeated radio echo sounding (RES) on a profile grid (200-400 m between profiles) surveyed over the Eastern Skaftá Cauldron (ESC). ESC is an ice cauldron produced and maintained by powerful geothermal activity (~1 GW) at the glacier bed. Beneath the cauldron and 200-400 m of ice, water accumulates in a lake and is regularly released in jökulhlaups. The maximum discharge in the river Skaftá exceeded 3000 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> in the most recent ones in 2015 and 2018. The record starts in 2014 and consists of annual measurements, obtained in June each year; the last on June 2019. Comparison of the repeated RES profiles (2D migrated) reveals the margin of the lake at different times and enables a classifying of traced reflections into lake and bedrock measurements. The bedrock measurements were obtained with the lake close to its minimum size in 2016, 2017 and 2019 (£~1 km<sup>2</sup> compared to 4.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2015), hence it is possible to obtain fairly accurate digital elevation model (DEM) of the glacier/lake bed. This DEM is further constrained by two borehole measurements of the lake bed elevation at its centre. The traced lake reflections and comparison with the bedrock DEM enables creation of a lake thickness maps and an estimate of the lake volume for each survey. The lake thickness maps and volumes in June 2015 and 2018 are compared with the surface lowering pattern and water volumes drained in the jökulhlaups in October 2015 and August 2018. The drained water volume was derived by integrating the surface lowering during the jökulhlaups and adding estimated volume of crevasses formed in the events. The lowering in the 2015 jökulhlaup was obtained from TanDEM-X DEMs of September 23<sup>rd</sup> and October 10<sup>th</sup>, shortly before and after the jökulhlaup. The lowering in the 2018 jökulhlaup was derived from dense set of airborne altimetry profiles acquired on August 9<sup>th</sup>, a few days after the jökulhlaup, compared with a DEM in June 2018 (ArcticDEM in July 2017 corrected with dense GNSS profiles in June 2018). The lake volume estimate from the RES data is 240x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> in June 2015 but 320±20x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> drained from the cauldron in October. In June 2018 a relatively dense RES profile grid (~200 m between profiles) reveals a lake volume of 180x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> while 210±30x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> drained from the cauldron in August. This comparison demonstrates the applicability of our survey approach to monitor the water accumulation in the lake and thus better constrain potential hazard in jökulhlaups.</p>

Water load test before and after PPI-Therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. S132-S133
Author(s):  
E. Battaglia ◽  
M. Grassini ◽  
M. Navino ◽  
P. Niola ◽  
C. Verna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Before And After

Spray Volume, Canopy Density, and Other Factors Involved in Thinner Efficacy

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 553d-553
Author(s):  
C.R. Unrath
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
The North ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Water Volumes

Historically, most airblast chemical applications to apple orchards used a single “average” water volume, resulting in variability of coverage with tree size and also the greatest variable in chemical thinning. This coverage variability can be eliminated by properly quantifying the tree canopy, as tree row volume (TRV), and relating that volume to airblast water rate for adequate coverge. Maximum typical tree height, cross-row limb spread, and between-row spacing are used to quantify the TRV. Further refinement is achieved by adjusting the water volume for tree canopy density. The North Carolina TRV model allows a density adjustment from 0.7 gal/1000 ft3 of TRV for young, very open tree canopies to 1.0 gal/1000 ft3 of TRV for large, thick tree canopies to deliver a full dilute application for maximum water application (to the point of run-off). Most dilute pesticide applications use 70% of full dilute to approach the point of drip (pesticide dilute) to not waste chemicals and reduce non-target environmental exposure. From the “chemical load” (i.e., lb/acre) calculated for the pesticide dilute application, the proper chemical load for lower (concentrate) water volumes can be accurately determined. Another significant source of variability is thinner application response is spray distribution to various areas of the tree. This variability is related to tree configuration, light, levels, fruit set, and natural thinning vs. the need for chemical thinning. Required water delivery patterns are a function of tree size, form, spacing, and density, as well as sprayer design (no. of nozzles and fan size). The TRV model, density adjustments, and nozzle patterns to effectively hit the target for uniform crop load will be addressed.

The effects of whole grain intake on anthropometric measures in overweight and obese children: a crossover randomised clinical trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Parisa Hajihashemi ◽  
Leila Azadbakht ◽  
Mahin Hashemipour ◽  
Roya Kelishadi ◽  
Parvane Saneei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Grain Foods

Abstract Whole-grain foods have been reported to affect body weight and satiety. However, we are aware of no study in this regard among children. The present study aimed to determine the effects of whole grain consumption on anthropometric measures in overweight or obese children. In this randomised crossover clinical trial, forty-four overweight or obese girls participated. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to either intervention (n 44) or non-intervention (n 44) groups. Subjects in the intervention group were given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked to obtain half of their grain servings from these foods each day for 6 weeks. Individuals in the non-intervention group were asked not to consume any of these foods. A 4-week washout period was applied. Then, participants were crossed over to the alternate arm. The measurements were done before and after each phase. Mean age, weight and BMI of participants were 11·2 (sd 1·49) years, 51·2 (sd 10·2) kg and 23·5 (sd 2·5) kg/m2, respectively. Despite the slight reduction in weight and BMI, there were no significant differences in changes in these anthropometric measures. We found a significant effect of whole grain intake on waist circumference (−2·7 v. 0·3 cm, P = 0·04). No significant changes in hip circumference were observed. Changes in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were not significantly different. This study indicated a beneficial effect of whole-grain foods on waist circumference in overweight children; however, these foods did not influence weight and BMI.

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